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The First Crusade

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Title: The First Crusade


1
The First Crusade
  • 1096-1099

2
(No Transcript)
3
Rise of Islam
  • Muhammed (570-632)
  • Unification of Arabs
  • Conquest of neighboring lands
  • Middle East, n. Africa, Asia Minor
  • Incl. Antioch and Jerusalem, Alexandria
  • Constantinople threatened, falls in 1453
  • Pilgrims could visit holy sites, but had to pay
    taxes
  • Spain 711-1492

4
Guibert of Nogents account
  • Saint story
  • Must have a miracle
  • Note Urbans miracle!
  • Pope Urban II not an official saint, but
    beatified in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII
  • Sees events as signs of Gods providence
  • Mixes the gory and the pious without irony
  • See p. 334

5
Call to Crusade 1095
  • Pope Urban worried about Muslims in Spain
  • Apocalyptic fears
  • Retaking control of holy sites could quicken the
    end of the world (327-28)
  • Need a Christian resurgence first
  • Need a battle with the Antichrist (Bring it on)
  • Muslims control Holy Land (Palestine)
  • Sites of Christian pilgrimage
  • Charged tax to visit sites
  • French more receptive
  • Germans less obedient to pope
  • God favors the French

6
Violence, anti-Judaism at home
  • Rhineland communities in France and Germany
  • Call issued
  • Responders if we are going abroad to kill the
    infidel, why not kill the infidel at home?
  • Attacked whole Jewish communities
  • Many committed suicide, killed children before
    Crusaders could
  • Remembered in Judaism as martyrs

7
A holy war?
  • Cleanse the holiness of the city and the glory
    of the tomb, which has been polluted by the thick
    crowd of pagans, Pope Urban II (327)
  • Says previous wars in France/Europe were for
    greed and pride
  • This war is holier, for higher purposes
  • Receive gift of martyrdom
  • Earn present and future praise
  • Soldiers received absolution as they set out
  • Later, contributors could receive an indulgence
  • Framed as a form of asceticism (330)
  • Worship and almsgiving part of the effort (331)
  • Winning battle like freeing Christ from the tomb
    (333)
  • Retribution by God against Muslims

8
For next time
  • Rise of papal authority
  • Gregorian reforms, 1070s
  • How did Pope Gregory claim his authority over
    kings?
  • Why?
  • Is he trying to correct abuses of power?
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