CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION DIVERSITY
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Why we need to identify group organism??

1. Recognition of dissimilar organism easier if we
   can put them in predefined categories

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• Lantern bug (never seen before??!!)
• Insects (through experience)

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• b) Grouping allows us to make prediction

• Looks different
• But distinguishing features group them together
• Mammals give birth

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How to group living organism??

• Not based only on ONE CHARACTER alone
• Eg animals can fly cannot fly
• Insects -fish
• Birds -rodents
• Bats
• So need to look the overall plan of the organism

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TAXONOMY

• Greek taxis - 'order' nomos - 'law' or
  'science'.
• the practice and science of classification
• Classification placing an object into sets of
  categories based on properties/characters of the
  object

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SERIES OF SETS

• KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria,
  Protoctista)
• PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla)
• CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta)
• ORDER
• FAMILY (in animals end with -dae)
• GENUS
• SPECIES

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EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS

• KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• CLASS INSECTA
• ORDER DIPTERA
• FAMILY TEPHRITIDAE
• GENUS Bactrocera
• SPECIES dorsalis

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ADDITIONAL SUBSETS

• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• Suborder
• Superfamily -oidea
• FAMILY -dae
• Subfamily -nae

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• Tribe -inii
• Subtribe
• GENUS
• Subgenus
• SPECIES
• Subspecies

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• KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• CLASS INSECTA
• ORDER HYMENOPTERA
• SUPERFAMILY ICHNEUMONOIDEA
• FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDAE
• SUBFAMILY CRYPTINAE
• TRIBE CRYPTINII
• GENUS Goryphus
• SPECIES mesoxanthus
• SUBSPECIES mesoxanthus

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NOMENCLATURE(TATANAMA)
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HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED??

• (A) COMMON NAMES
• Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly, kumbang
  badak (rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding
  (true bugs), sorok-sorok (mole cricket),
  kelip-kelip (firefly), riang-riang (cicada), kutu
  beras (rice weevil)
• Problem
• Not consistent
• Doesnt portray the actual insects

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• (B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES
• consistent around the world
• one species with single valid name

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SPECIES

• FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION
• DEF groups of natural populations that can
  interbreed. They are reproductively isolated from
  all other species

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SPECIES NAME

• Binomial
• Consists of Genus and Specific names
• Eg. Bactrocera dorsalis
• Written in italic
• Genus start wih capital letter
• Species small letters
• If hand written underline both names seperately
  (Bactrocera dorsalis)

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• Goryphus jendul Azura
• Azura the person who first described and named
  the species for science
• Sometime outhor name in bracket
• The author got the genus wrong

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COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INSECT
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CLASS INSECTA

• SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA
• ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE STAGE
• NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS
• PRIMITIVE
• 5 ORDERS

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1) PROTURA

• ProtFirst, UraTail
• Eyeless
• No antennae
• Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments
• First pair of legs sensory

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2) DIPLURA

• Ditwo uratail
• Refers to two cerci
• Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7 B. Two
  cerci
• C. Eyeless
• D. Antennae present

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3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL)

• Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally)
• Eyes small with no more than 8 facets (ommatidia)
  on each side of the head.
• D. Antennae present

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4) THYSANURA (silverfish)

• Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7
• Two cerci and a median caudal filament
• Compound eyes small or absent
• flattened
• Antennae present
• Gegat
• (old papers, high humid place)

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5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS)

• micro, small coryphia, head
• Styli on abdominal segments 2-9
• Two cerci and a median caudal filament
• Antennae present
• by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark.
  They feed at night.

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• SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA
• With wings
• 2 groups
• 1) Exopterygota (18)
• Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa)
• Develop wings outside of body
• 2) Endopterygota (9)
• Complete metamorphosis (with pupa)
• Develop wings inside body (visible when adult)

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EXOPTRYGOTA

• 1) BLATTARIA
• Body flattened and oval
• head concealed from above by pronotum
• Wings usually present
• Tarsi five-segmented.
• Antennae long and slender
• Cockroaches

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• 2)ORTHOPTERA
• Body usually linear in shape
• Antennae conspicuous
• Fore wing straight, narrow
• Hind wing broad, membranous and
  fan-like
• Hindlegs adapted for jumping
• Grasshoppers crickets

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3)HEMIPTERA

• Subdivided into 2 suborder
• A) heteroptera
• B) homoptera

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• 3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS)
• Mouthparts modified into
• Forewing hemielitron
• Wings, when at rest, held flat over
  body and overlap each other.
• Some wingless
• C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared
  with Coleoptera).
• D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.

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• 3B)HOMOPTERA
• Mouthparts modified into beak
• Antennae short, bristle-like.
• Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and held
  roof-like over body.
• Considerable variation in body form (winged,
  wingless, degenerate legs).

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• 4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA
• Stick-like or leaf-like
• Legs long and slender and not enlarged for
  jumping, diging, or capturing prey.
• Abdomen long and slender
• Antennae with 8-80 segments
• Stick insects, leaf insects

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• 5)MANTODEA
• Fore legs adapted for grasping prey
• Tarsi five-segmented.
• Antennae short
• Praying mantis
• Female ats male after mating

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• 6) ODONATA
• DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY

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• 7) ISOPTERA
• Iso equal ptera wings
• Anai-anai
• Soft bodied
• No constriction of waist
• Chewing Mouthparts
• Monoliform or filiform antenna
• Fontanelle - secretions from top of head glue
  soil to gather

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• 8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING)
• Front wings short, similar to elytra in beetles
• Hind wings membranous
• Mouthparts chewing
• Prominate cerci
• Nocturnal
• Under bark, cracks
• Scavengers - dead and
  decaying plant material

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• 9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)
• Adults near aquatic habitat don't fly that
  much hiding in vegetation, debris
• Adults feed soft vegetation such as flowers,
  fruits, pollen, lichens, algaeNymphs feed on
  invertebrates or plant detritus

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• 10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA
• gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating
  to cockroaches
• Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent
• D. Body leathery
• E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical
• F. Antennae 23-40 segments
• Habitat high altitude
• Food debris of insects
  that died on snow
  fields at high altitudes.

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• 11) EPHEMEROPTRA
• Two-pair of triangular, membranous
  wings with many veins
• Ten-segmented abdomen with two to three caudal
  filaments (cerci)
• Fragile-looking
• Near water
• Adults dont feed
• Immature algae, plants
• bioindicator

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• 12) ZORAPTERA
• Winged, wingless (lack eyes)
• B. 2-Segmented tarsi
• C. Chewing mouthparts
• D. Cerci present
• E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna
• Feed on fungus and dead insects

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• 13) PSOCOPTERA
• 2- to 3-Segment tarsi
• B. Roof-like wing position
• C. No cerci
• D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, long
  antennae
• E. "Gnawing" mouthparts
• Damp areas
• Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood

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• 14) THYSANOPTERA
• Very tiny, lt 2mm
• Mouthpart stylet
• Narrowed wings
  with fringes
• Veins greatly
  reduced/absent
• Flowers, under bark,
  leaf litter

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• 15) EMBIIDINA
• embid, lively (run backward quickly when
  disturbed)
• No ocelli
• Chewing mouthparts
• Males- winged
  Females - not winged
• leaf litter, under stones, bark
• Fooddried plant material, dried grasses

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• 16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU)
• Wingless, ectoparasite
• 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw
• Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, mandibles
  for chewing lice
• Dorso - ventally flattened
• Eggs glue to hair or feather

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• Host-specific
• Birds and mammalschewing lice (MALLOPHAGA)
• Mammals sucking lice (ANOPLURA)

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• 17) MANTOPHASMATODEA
• discovered 2002
• South Africa
• Carnivorous
• Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea and
  Mantodea

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ENDOPTERYGOTA

• 1) COLEOPTERA
• The largest insect group
• Fore wings thickened (elytra)
• usually meeting in a straight line down the
  middle of the back and covering the hind wings.
• Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded
  up under the elytra.
• C. Chewing type mouthparts.

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• 2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES)
• Fore wings membranous
• Hind wings reduced to small knoblike structures
  called halteres.
• Antennae variable, often short and inconspicuous.
  
• Mouthparts sucking (sponging).

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• 3) LEPIDOPTERA
• Head - large compound eye
• most with proboscis
• Scaly wings
• Butterfly vs moth

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BUTTERFLY VS MOTH

• mostly comb-like or feathery
• Present
• caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk
• plain brown, grey, white or black

• ANTENNAE thin slender filamentous antennae, club
  shaped at the end
• FRENULUM none
• PUPAE. exposed pupa chrysalis.
• WINGS bright colours

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BUTTERFLY VS MOTH

• BODY slender and smoother abdomens.
• ACTIVITY diurnal
• RESTING exposed pupa chrysalis.
• WINGS fold their wings above their backs

• stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies
• Crepuscular, nocturnal
• caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk
• rest with their wings spread out to their sides

REMARKS THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS
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• 4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees)
• Greek - hymeno, god of marriage ptera, wings
• Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller
• Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for the
  bees where the labium and maxillae form a
  tonguelike structure through which liquid food is
  taken.
• Antennae with 10 or more segments.
• Ovipositor well developed
• sometimes modified into a sting

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• 5) STREPSIPTERA
• Latin - strepsi, twisted ptera, wings
• Relates to the form of the hind wings membranous
  and appearing twisted and wrinkled.
• Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures
• Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.
• Mouthparts vestigial
• Small insects 0.5-4 mm.
• Females are generally saclike without appendages
  or bedbuglike

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• 6) NEUROPTERA (LACEWING)
• Wings membranous
• Fore and hind wings similar in shape and
  veination. Held rooflike over the
  body at rest.
• Soft-bodied
• Mouthparts mandibulate
• Antennae long
• Predator (mostly)

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• 7) MECOPTERA
• Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or
  rostrum
• most have four long narrow membranous wings which
  are similar in size and venation.
• Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae)
• Chewing type mouthparts.
• Antennae threadlike about
  one-half the length of
  the body.

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• 8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS)
• Latin - siphon, pipe aptera, wingless
• Small, wingless, lt 5mm
• Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily
  sclerotized
• Sucking type mouthparts
• Legs relatively long with large coxae.
• Usually jumping insects.
• Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents

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• 9)TRICHOPTERA
• both wings membranous, covered with short hairs
• wings fold flat but held rooflike
• tarsi 4 or 5 segmented
• mandibles greatly reduced
• long, many segmented antennae