Environmental Science Chapter 3 The Dynamic Earth

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Environmental Science Chapter 3The Dynamic Earth

• Mr. Manskopf
• All notes can be found at http//www.manskopf.com

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Big Ideas

• The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the
  geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and
  the biosphere.
• The Earths geosphere is a complex system that is
  constantly changing impacting life on Earth.
• A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our
  planet makes life on Earth possible in many ways.
  
• Life is contained in a very thin layer near the
  Earths surface that contains all that is needed
  for survival.
• Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that
  shapes our world landscape, moderates our
  climate, provides habitat and most of all makes
  life possible

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Has Earth always looked this way? Will it always
look this way?
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Section 1 The Geosphere
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Section 1 Goals

• Describe the main structure of the interior of
  the Earth
• How does the plate tectonic theory explain
  earthquakes, mountain building and volcanoes?
• Describe how wind and water alter Earths surface.

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What is the Geosphere?

• Geosphere consists of all the rocks, soil and
  loose rocks on Earth surface.
• Most inside of Earth
• About 6,000 km in radius

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Earths Interior

• 3 main layers inside Earth
• Crust Solid outer layer, very thin
• Composed of lighter elements
• Less than 1 of mass
• Thickest under continents (30 miles)
• Earthquakes, mountains, mining all take place here

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Earths Interior

• Mantle beneath the crust, makes up most of the
  mass
• Mostly liquid rock called magma
• More than 2,000 miles thick
• Convection currents moving liquid rock around

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Earths Interior

• Core innermost, hottest layer
• Made of very dense metals like iron and nickel
• HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE THE EARTH?

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Earths Interior
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Plate Tectonic Theory
Why dont we get Earthquake in Camden?
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Why do the earthquakes seem to follow a pattern?
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Plate Tectonic Theory
WHY DO MOUNTAIN BELTS FORM CHAINS?
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Why do the locations of volcanoes form patterns?
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Plate Tectonic Theory

• Crust is broken into large pieces that are slowly
  moving around
• Similar to chunks of ice floating on lake
• Most plates
• continent size
• Move about
• 2-5 cm/yr

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Plate Tectonic Theory

• Plate Boundaries where plates touch each other.
• Creates earthquake, mountains and sometimes
  volcanoes
• Convergent
• Divergent
• Transform

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Earthquakes

• Vibrations of the Earths crust caused by rocks
  in the crust breaking
• Faults are cracks in crust MOST are located near
  plate boundaries
• Can we get Earthquakes in NJ???

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Earthquakes

• Seismic Waves carry the energy of an earthquake
  through the Earth
• Measured on the Richter Scale

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http//earthquake.usgs.gov/ Earthquakes occur
ALL the time
What do you think kills most people in
earthquakes? How can we build safer buildings
and other structures?
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Volcanoes

• Volcano is a mountain built by when lava cools on
  the surface of the crust
• Most common at Convergent and Divergent plate
  boundaries
• 75 of volcanoes in the Ring of Fire around
  Pacific Ocean

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Volcanic Impacts

• Local Impacts earthquakes, ash cloud, deadly
  gasses, mudslides
• Global Impacts decreased temperatures due to ash
  blocking out sunlight

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Rock Types

• Igneous Rocks formed from cooled magma or lava
• Sedimentary Rocks formed from compressed
  sediment like sand and mud
• Metamorphic Rocks forms when other rocks are put
  under lots of heat and pressure

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Rock Cycle

• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
  content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm

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Will this mountain continue to grow forever? WHY?
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Which mountains are older? How can you tell?
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Wearing Down Earths Surface

• Plate Tectonics Builds Mountains and creates new
  rocks
• Erosion is the removal and transport of Earth
  materials like rocks
• Water is main agent of erosion on Earth
• Wind, waves, glaciers, and others

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Section 1 Review

• Describe the main structure of the interior of
  the Earth
• How does the plate tectonic theory explain
  earthquakes, mountain building and volcanoes?
• Describe how wind and water alter Earths surface.

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Section 2 The Atmosphere Goals

• Describe the composition of the atmosphere
• Describe the layers of the atmosphere
• Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred in the
  atmosphere
• Explain the greenhouse effect

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Our Atmosphere

• Atmosphere a THIN layer of gases surrounding our
  planet
• Makes life possible
• Provides vital gases for plants and animals
• Blocks out harmful sun rays
• Keeps temperature comfortable
• Burns up meteoroids

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Our Atmosphere

• 78 Nitrogen
• 21 Oxygen
• 1 others like argon, methane, carbon dioxide
• Dust, dirt, bacteria, viruses, ash, air
  pollution, salt, skin, bits of cloths, etc.

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Atmosphere is a dynamic place
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Layers of Atmosphere

• Divided into 4 main layers according to changes
  in temperature

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Layers of Atmosphere

• Troposphere lowest layer, all weather occurs
  here, most dense layer,
• Temperature and air pressure drop quickly as
  altitude increases

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Layers of Atmosphere

• Stratosphere layer above troposphere, contains
  ozone layer which blocks out harmful UV sun rays
• Contains high levels of Ozone O3

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Layers of Atmosphere

• Mesosphere coldest layer as low as -93oC
• Thermosphere hottest layer, but would not feel
  hot ???

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Energy Transfer in Atmosphere
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How does the air get warm?

• Radiation is the transfer of energy across space
• Stand out in the sun wearing a black shirt
• Sun 93 million miles away
• Travels at 186,000 mi/s
• Only about 50 of solar energy is absorbed by
  Earths surface

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Energy Transfer

• Conduction energy transfer when the 2 object
  with different temperatures touch
• Air touching the ground warms by conduction
• You touch a hot metal pan and burn your hand

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Energy Transfer

• Convection heat transfer by moving fluid (liquid
  or gas)
• Hot air rising off the warm ground
• Why does hot air rise?

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• Explain how out atmosphere warms?
• Why doesnt all the heat escape into space?

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Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse Effect

• Gases in the atmosphere trap in heat not allowing
  it to escape into space
• Mainly CO2, water vapor and methane gas
• Natural process, well understood for centuries
• Without those gases Earth is a very cold place

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Our atmosphere is critical to life on Earth, yet
is very thin and fragile
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Section 2 Review

• Describe the composition of the atmosphere
• Describe the layers of the atmosphere
• Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred in the
  atmosphere
• Explain the greenhouse effect

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Section 3 Hydrosphere and Biosphere

• Describe the main steps in the water cycle
• Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system of
  current, waves, and tides
• Explain why life is confined to the biosphere.

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Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere includes all water on Earth Rivers,
lakes, streams, groundwater, glaciers, water
vapor, oceans, clouds, etc.
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Water Cycle
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Where is most water found?
97 in Oceans, less than 3 is fresh water Most
freshwater is in glaciers and ice caps
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Oceans
Cover 70 of Earths surface
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Ocean Water
The sodium and chlorine NaCl form salt Why is it
salty? Which parts of oceans would be saltier?
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Ocean Temperature Zones
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How is it possible that England is 700 miles
further away from the equator than Camden, yet it
has much warmer winters?
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Ocean Currents
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Ocean Current

• Streamline movements of water in the oceans
• Surface currents caused by wind only a few meters
  deep
• Surface current impact climates worldwide moving
  heat from equator to polar regions

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Ocean Motions Tides
Tides are caused by the gravity of the moon and
sun pulling water closer to them
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Ocean Motions Waves
Waves are caused by wind Stronger Wind Bigger
Waves
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Fresh Water
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Fresh Water Groundwater
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Groundwater
What do you think makes groundwater a good source
for water? What could be some problems with
using groundwater?
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Biosphere

• What makes life possible in the biosphere?
• Sunlight
• Moderate temperatures
• Liquid Water
• Gravity

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Life starts with the plants Primary
Producers Where do YOU get your energy from?
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Section 3 Review

• Describe the main steps in the water cycle
• Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system of
  current, waves, and tides
• Explain why life is confined to the biosphere.

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Chapter 3

• The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the
  geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and
  the biosphere.
• The Earths geosphere is a complex system that is
  constantly changing impacting life on Earth.
• A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our
  planet makes life on Earth possible in many ways.
  
• Life is contained in a very thin layer near the
  Earths surface that contains all that is needed
  for survival.
• Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that
  shapes our world landscape, moderates our
  climate, provides habitat and most of all makes
  life possible

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