Anatomy and Physiology The Reproductive System Chapter 19

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Anatomy and PhysiologyThe Reproductive
SystemChapter 19

• Community Education
• Mr. Kestner

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Information

• The function of the reproductive system is to
  produce new life
• Although anatomical parts differ in males and
  females, the systems of both have the same types
  of organs
• Gonads (sex glands)
• Ducts (tubes) to carry sex cells and secretions
• Accessory organs

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Male Reproductive System

• Consists of
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Seminal vesicles
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Urethra
• Prostate gland
• Cowpers glands
• Penis

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Male Reproductive System

• Male gonads are testes
• Two testes located in scrotum, a sac suspended
  between the thighs
• Testes produce male sex cells called sperm, or
  spermatozoa
• Because scrotum is located outside of body,
  temperature in scrotum is lower than inside body

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Male Reproductive System

• Lower temperature is essential for production of
  sperm
• Testes also produce male hormones
• Main hormone is testosterone, which aids in
  maturation of the sperm and also responsible for
  secondary male sex characteristics body hair,
  facial hair, large muscles, deep voice

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Male Reproductive System

• After sperm develops in tubes in testes, they
  enter the epididymis
• A tightly coiled tube approx. 20 feet long and
  located in scrotum above testes
• Stores sperm while they mature and become motile
• Produces a fluid that becomes part of semen
  (fluid released during ejaculation)
• Connects with next tube, vas deferens

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Male Reproductive System

• Vas deferens, also called ductus deferens,
  receives sperm from epididymis
• Tubes that are cut during vasectomy
• A vas deferens joins with epididymis on each side
  and extend into abdominal cavity
• Curves behind bladder and joins with seminal
  vesicle

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Male Reproductive System

• Seminal vesicles are two small pouch-like tubes
  located behind the bladder
• They contain a glandular lining
• Lining produces a thick fluid that is rich in
  sugar and other substances and provides
  nourishment for the sperm
• Fluid composes a large part of the semen

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Male Reproductive System

• Ejaculatory ducts are two short tubes formed by
  union of vas deferens and seminal vesicles
• Carry sperm and fluids known collectively as
  semen through the prostate gland and into urethra

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Male Reproductive System

• Prostate gland is a doughnut-shaped gland located
  below the bladder and on either side of urethra
• Produces an alkaline secretion that both increase
  sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity in the
  vagina, providing more favorable environment for
  sperm
• Muscular tissue in prostate contracts during
  ejaculation expelling semen into urethra

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Male Reproductive System

• Cowpers glands are two small glands located
  below prostate and connected by small tubes to
  urethra
• Secrete mucus, which serves as a lubricant for
  intercourse, and an alkaline fluid, which
  decreases the acidity of the urine residue in
  urethra
• Provides a more favorable environment for sperm

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Male Reproductive System

• Urethra carries urine from bladder to the outside
• External opening called urinary meatus
• Different in females and males
• Females approx. 1 ½ inches in length
• Males approx. 8 inches in length
• Also used to carry semen from reproductive system
  out of the body, although not at the same time

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Male Reproductive System

• Penis is external male reproductive organ
• Located in front of scrotum
• Distal end is enlarged structure called glans
  penis
• Glans penis is covered with prepuce (foreskin),
  which is sometimes removed surgically called
  circumcision
• Penis is made of spongy, erectile tissue
• During sexual arousal, spaces in this tissue fill
  with blood, causing penis to become erect

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Female Reproductive System

• Consists of
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Bartholins glands
• Vulva
• Breasts

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Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries are female gonads
• Small almond-shaped glands located in pelvic
  cavity and attached to uterus by ligaments
• Contain thousands of small sacs called follicles
• Each follicle contains an immature ovum, female
  sex cell
• When ovum matures, follicle enlarges and ruptures
  to release mature ovum
• This process is called ovulation, usually
  occurring once every 28 days
• Ovaries also produce hormones that aid in
  development of reproductive organs and secondary
  sex characteristics

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Female Reproductive System

• Fallopian tubes are two tubes, each approximately
  5 long, attached to uterus
• Lateral ends are located above ovaries, but not
  directly attached to ovaries
• Ends have finger-like projections, fimbriae
• Fimbriae help move ovum, which is released by
  ovary, into fallopian tube
• Muscle layers in tube move ovum to uterus by
  process called peristalsis
• Fertilization usually takes place in fallopian
  tube

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Female Reproductive System

• The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped
  organ located behind bladder and in front of
  rectum
• Divided into three parts fundus body and
  cervix
• Organ of menstruation
• Allows for development and growth of fetus
• Contracts to aid in expulsion of fetus during
  birth
• Has three layers
• Endometrium
• Myometrium
• perimetrium

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Female Reproductive System

• The vagina is a muscular tube that connects the
  cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body
• It serves as a passageway for the menstrual flow
• Receives sperm and semen from male
• Acts as birth canal during delivery of infant
• Arranged in folds called rugae
• Rugae allow vagina to enlarge during childbirth

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Female Reproductive System

• Bartholins glands are two small glands located
  on each side of the vaginal opening, which
  secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse
• The vulva is the collective name for the
  structures that form the external female
  genitalia
• Vulva consists of
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris

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Female Reproductive System

• The perineum is defined as the area between the
  vagina and anus in the female, although it can be
  used to describe the entire pelvic floor in both
  the male and female
• The breasts, or mammary glands, contain lobes
  separated into sections by connective and fatty
  tissue milk ducts located in the tissue exit on
  the surface at the nipples the main function of
  the glands is to secrete milk (lactate) after
  childbirth

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