ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS

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ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS 111305
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PARTS OF AEROPLANE

• THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE
• WINGS
• FUSELAGE
• EMPENNAGE
• LANDING GEARS
• CONTROL SURFACE
• ENGINES

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PARTS OF AEROPLANE
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AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

• 1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION
• POSITION OF THE WING
• LOW WING
• MID WING
• HIGH WING
• NUMBER OF WINGS
• MONO PLANE
• BI PLANE
• TRI PLANE
• SHAPE OF THE WINGS
• DELTA WING
• DIAMOND WING
• SWEPT WING
• GULL SHAPED WING
• POSITION OF THE WINGS
• CONVENTIONAL WING
• NO TAIL OR TAILESS
• HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL

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AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

• LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR
• RETRACTABLE
• NON RETRACTABLE
• TAIL WHEEL
• NOSE WHEEL

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AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

• CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS
• POWER PLANT TYPES
• PISTON ENGINE
• TURBO PROP
• TURBO SHAFT
• TURBO JET
• TURBO FAN
• ROCKET
• NUMBER OF ENGINES
• SINGLE ENGINE
• TWO ENGINE
• MULTI ENGINE
• LOCATION OF THE ENGINES
• NOSE
• FUSELAGE
• JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING
• PYLON MOUNTING

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AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

• TYPES OF FUSELAGE
• ROUND
• SQUARE
• OVAL

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AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

• 5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
• A. CIVIL
• B. CARGO
• C. MILITARY
• I. BOMBERS
• II. FIGHTERS
• III. INTERCEPTORS

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FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE

• PRIMARY GROUP
• AILERON
• ELEVATOR
• RUDDER
• SECONDARY GROUP
• TRIM TAB
• SPRING TAB
• AUXILIARY GROUP
• WING FLAPS
• SPOILERS
• SPEED BRAKES
• LEADING EDGE FLAP
• SLOTS

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AILERON

• Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the
  nose through the tail. Movement about the
  longitudinal axis is called roll.  Roll is
  controlled by the ailerons.

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ELEVATOR

• Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip
  through wingtip. Movement about the lateral axis
  is called pitch. Pitch  is controlled by the
  elevator.

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RUDDER

• Vertical axis passes vertically through the
  center of gravity (when the aircraft is in level
  flight). Movement about the vertical axis is
  called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.

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AIRCRAFT ENGINES

• DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE
• PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE
• JET ENGINE
• TURBOPROP
• TURBOFAN
• TURBOJET
• RAMJET
• ROCKET ENGINE

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TURBOPROP
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PUSHER
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TURBOFAN
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TURBOJET
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TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER
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ROCKET ENGINE
LIQUID FUEL
SOLID FUEL
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AIRFOIL

• AN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A
  DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH WHICH IT
  MOVES
• AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

• CHORD LINE
• MEAN CAMBER LINE
• ANGLE OF ATTACK
• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

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FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
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DRAG

• DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF THE COMPLETE
  AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT
  DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING AIRFLOW).
• IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE DIRECTION OF
  MOTION.
• IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF THE
  AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS THE DESIRABLE
  COMPONENT

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TYPES OF DRAG
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DRAG POLAR
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TOPICS TO BE COVERED

• Why should we study properties of
• atmosphere?
• Variation of Temperature with Altitude
• Variation of Pressure with Altitude
• Variation of Density with Altitude
• Tables of Standard Atmosphere

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Why should we study Atmospheric Properties

• Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine engines
  and rockets that will operate at various
  altitudes.
• They can not design these unless the atmospheric
  characteristics are not known.
• For example,

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What is a standard atmosphere?

• Weather conditions vary around the globe, from
  day to day.
• Taking all these variations into design is
  impractical.
• A standard atmosphere is therefore defined, that
  relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and
  general airplane design to a common reference.
• This common reference is called a standard
  atmosphere.

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Powered Controls

• May take one of two basic forms
• Servo-assisted
• Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
  which assists mechanical linkage to move surface.
• Linkage still available if power is lost but
  system then very heavy to operate.
• Fully power-operated
• Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
  electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically
  (fly-by-light).

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AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
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INTRODUCTION

• HISTORY
• THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO FLIGHT
  INSTRUMENTS
• ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY
• NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOTS ABILITY TO USE
  LANDMARKS

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AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

• FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
• ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
• NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTS

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• THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
• ALTIMETER
• AIRSPEED INDICATOR
• VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
• HEADING INDICATOR
• ATTITUDE INDICATOR (ARTIFICIAL HORIZON)
• TURN COORDINATOR

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AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
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TRUSS
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MONOCOQUE
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SEMI MONOCOQUE
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