An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

1
An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology

• Prepared By
• Daniel Guzman
• Derek Maxwell

2
Chapter Overview

• Definition
• History
• Responses to Exercise
• Ergometers
• Specificity of Exercise Testing
• Training Principles
• Research Methodology

3
Definition

• Physiology of exercise is made up of both anatomy
  and physiology
• Anatomy - Study of the bodys structures
• Physiology- Study of the bodys functions

4
Definition

• Physiology of Exercise
• Is the study of how the human body adapts or
  alters its structures and functions to physical
  stress.

5
History

• Early explanations of physiology were either
  vague or incorrect
• Microscope

6
HistoryThe Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

• Had the greatest impact on Physiology of
  Exercise.
• Laid the foundation for what is now modern
  exercise and physiology
• Nevada desert, Mississippi Delta, White MTN.
• Was the mecca of exercise physiology

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Responses to Exercise

• Acute Response
• How the body responds to a bout of exercise
• Factors that may alter an acute response
• Temperature, humidity
• Amount of noise
• Food intake

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Acute Response Table
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Responses to Exercise

• Chronic Adaptations
• Adaptations the body makes when challenged with
  repeated bouts of exercise
• Improves exercise capacity and efficiency.

10
Ergometers

• An ergometer is an exercise device that allows
  the amount and rate of a persons physical work to
  be controlled and measured.
• ergo work
• meter measure

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Types of ErgometersThe Cycle Ergometer

• Advantages
• Ease of taking blood pressure and blood sampling
• Amount of work is independent of body weight
• Disadvantages
• Legs become fatigued before the rest of the body
• Peak physiological variables are frequently lower
  than with other Ergometers

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The Treadmill

• Advantages
• Doesnt need to be closely monitored due to the
  belt speed
• Adaptability everyone walks
• Disadvantages
• More expensive
• Portability
• When the treadmill requires jogging, taking blood
  pressure is difficult

13
The Swimming Flume

• Advantages
• Allows swimmers to accurately simulate their
  natural style while being closely observed.
• Disadvantages
• Very expensive

14
Specificity of Exercise Testing

• When using an ergometer for testing
• Select an ergometer that most closely
  approximates the activity of the given individual
  being tested.

15
Training Principles

• Specificity
• Disuse
• Progressive Overload
• Hard/Easy
• Periodization

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Specificity

• Optimal performance in a given activity
• Example
• A swimmer would train by swimming, not by running.

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Disuse

• Use it or lose it
• Example
• If a marathon runner stops running, he wont be
  able to run marathons anymore.

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Progressive Overload

• Increasing your physical capabilities by loading
  beyond the point to which you are normally used
  to
• Example
• A short distance runner would run slightly longer
  distances every week until he can run a marathon.

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Hard/Easy

• Incorporate both hard and easy workouts into your
  training routine.
• Example
• On a day following a high intensity workout,
  prescribe an easy training day so that the body
  can rest.

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Research Methodology

• Research Design
• Cross-sectional research design
• A large population is tested at the same time.
• Physiological differences between groups within
  the population are used to estimate change.
• Longitudinal Design
• Individuals are tested more than once to measure
  changes over time.

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Research Methodology

• Longitudinal studies are generally the most
  accurate for studying a problem.
• Cross-sectional studies are used usually when
  longitudinal studies are not possible.

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Chapter Conclusion

• Definition
• History
• Responses to Exercise
• Ergometers
• Specificity of Exercise Testing
• Training Principles
• Research Methodology