Theme: Introduction. Ukrainian Alphabet.

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LECTURE 1

• Theme Introduction. Ukrainian Alphabet.

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PLAN

• 1. Introduction.
• 2. Major differences of the Ukrainian and
  English Languages.
• 3. Ukrainian Alphabet.

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Ukrainian (??????????)

• Ukrainian is an Eastern Slavonic language closely
  related to Russian and Belarusian. It is spoken
  by about 51 million people in Ukraine (???????)
  and in many other countries, including Argentina,
  Armenia, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Hungary,
  Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania,
  Russia and Slovakia.

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Ukrainian (??????????)

• The recorded history of the Ukrainian language
  began in 988, when the principality of Kiev
  (????) was converted to Christianity. Ukrainian
  religious material, including translations of the
  Bible, was written in Old Slavonic, the language
  used by missionaries to spread Christianity to
  the Slavic peoples.

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Ukrainian (??????????)

• In the 13th century, Ukraine became part of
  Lithuanian and an early form of Belarusian became
  the main language. The remaining parts of Ukraine
  were taken over by Poland during the 16th century
  and Latin and Polish were used for official
  purposes.

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• The first page of Ivan Fedorovych's Azbuka
  (Alphabet book), printed in Lviv, 1574

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Ukrainian (??????????)

• The Cossacks later moved into eastern Ukraine and
  during the 17th century, their leader, Bohdan
  Khmelnytsky, invited Russia to help against
  Polish domination in 1648. During the reign of
  Catherine the Great, the Cossacks moved to the
  eastern frontiers of Russia, but Ukraine remained
  under Russian domination, and the Russians
  considered the Ukrainian language as little more
  than a dialect of Russian.

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Ukrainian (??????????)

• A decree in 1876 banned the printing or importing
  of Ukrainian books. In spite of this, there was a
  revival of Ukrainian poetry and historiography
  during the 19th century.

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• Ukrainian (??????????)
• Ukraine enjoyed a brief period of independence
  from 1918 to 1919, then was taken over by the
  USSR and declared a Soviet Republic. During the
  Soviet era, Russian was the main language of
  education and employment and Ukrainian was
  sidelined.
• Ukraine declared independence in 1991. Since then
  many Ukrainian émigrés have returned to Ukraine,
  particularly from central Asia and Siberia.

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• Current usage
• The Ukrainian language is currently emerging from
  a long period of decline. Although there are
  almost fifty million ethnic Ukrainians worldwide,
  including 37.5 million in Ukraine (77.8 of the
  total population), only in western Ukraine is the
  Ukrainian language prevalent. In Kiev, both
  Ukrainian and Russian are spoken, a notable shift
  from the recent past when the city was primarily
  Russian speaking. The shift is caused, largely,
  by an influx of the rural population and migrants
  from the western regions of Ukraine but also by
  some Kievans' turning to use the language they
  speak at home more widely in everyday matters.

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Current usage

• In northern and central Ukraine, Russian is the
  language of the urban population, while in rural
  areas Ukrainian is much more common. In the south
  and the east of Ukraine, Russian is prevalent
  even in rural areas, and in Crimea, Ukrainian is
  almost absent.

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The Ukrainian alphabet

• ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
  ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
  ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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• The Ukrainian language possesses an extremely
  rich grammatical structure inherited from
  Indo-European
• Nouns have grammatical gender, number, and are
  declined for 7 cases
• Adjectives agree with the noun in case, number,
  and gender
• Verbs have 2 aspects, 3 tenses, 3 moods, and 2
  voices.
• Furthermore, many verbs show traces of
  Indo-European gradation. This often explains the
  difference between the infinitive and its present
  root form of the verbs.
• The spoken language has been influenced by the
  literary, but continues to preserve
  characteristic forms. The dialects show various
  non-standard grammatical features, some of which
  are archaisms or descendants of old forms since
  discarded by the literary language.

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Major differences of the Ukrainian and
English Languages.

• Cyrillic writing
• two forms of "you" address formal and informal
• absence of articles
• a relatively loose word order in sentences
• three genders of nouns
• nouns change their endings (cases) depending on
  their functions in the sentence
• besides grammatical tenses (present, past,
  future), forms of verbs express the idea of
  completed or progressive action.

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The Ukrainian Alphabet

• The alphabet of the Ukrainian language consists
  of 33 letters and is derived from the Cyrillic
  writing system. The modern Ukrainian alphabet is
  the result of a number of proposed alphabetic
  reforms from the nineteenth and early twentieth
  centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire,
  in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine.

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The Ukrainian Alphabet

• A unified Ukrainian alphabet (the Skrypnykivka,
  after Mykola Skrypnyk) was officially established
  at a 1927 international Orthographic Conference
  in Kharkiv, during the period of Ukrainization in
  Soviet Ukraine. But the policy was reversed in
  the 1930s, and the Soviet Ukrainian orthography
  diverged from that used by the diaspora. The
  Ukrainian letter ge ? was banned in the Soviet
  Union from 1933 until the Ukrainian independence
  in 1990.

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The Ukrainian Alphabet

• The alphabet comprises thirty-three letters,
  representing thirty-eight phonemes (meaningful
  units of sound), and an additional signthe
  apostrophe. Ukrainian orthography is based on the
  phonemic principle, with one letter generally
  corresponding to one phoneme, although there are
  a number of exceptions. The orthography also has
  cases where the semantic, historical, and
  morphological principles are applied.

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The Ukrainian Alphabet

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Ukrainian vowels

• A a (English A)
• O o (English O)
• ? ? (English U)
• ? ? (English E)
• ? ? (English Y)
• ? ? (English I)

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Classification of vowels

• Two different classification of vowels can be
  made a historical perspective and a modern
  perspective. From a historical perspective, the
  Ukrainian vowels can be divided into two
  categories

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Classification of vowels

• Hard vowels (in Cyrillic ?, ? (from Common
  Slavic ?), ?, and ? or transliterated as a, y
  (from Common Slavic y), o, and u )
• Soft vowels (in Cyrillic ?, ? and ? (from Common
  Slavic ?) or transliterated as e, i and y (from
  Common Slavic i)). The iotified vowels are
  considered to be soft vowels

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Classification of vowels

• From a modern perspective, the Ukrainian vowels
  can be divided into two categories
• Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, and ? or
  transliterated as a, e, y, i, o, and u). This
  category as can be seen from the table is
  different from the historical hard category

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Classification of vowels

• Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic ?, ?, ?, and ? or
  transliterated as ja, je, ji, and ju). To this
  category can also be added the combination of
  letters ?? (transliterated as jo)

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• ????? ?? ?????!

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