Hemodialysis Machine

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??? ???? ?????? ?????? Palestine Polytechnic
University Collage of Engineering and
TechnologyElectrical and Computer Eng.
Department Biomedical Program Biomedical Eng
Lab (2)

• Hemodialysis Machine

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Urinary System Anatomy
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Kidney Function
Metabolic End Products
Bone Structure
Blood Formation
Calcium Balance
Vitamin D Activation
Erythropoietin Synthesis
Removal of Urea , Creatinine etc .
Water Balance
Potassium Balance
Sodium Removal
Recovery of Bicarbonate
Cardiac Activity
Blood Pressure
Regulation of Blood PH
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Renal Failure
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Signs and Tests

• Blood Pressure
• Shows up high with mild hypertension
• Abnormal heart or lungs sounds may be heard on
  stethoscope
• Urinalysis
• Creatinine levels progressively increase
• Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is progressively
  increased
• Creatinine clearance progressively decreases
• Potassium test may show elevated levels
• Arterial blood gas and blood chemistry analysis
  may show metabolic acidosis

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Additional Tests

• Changes that indicate chronic renal failure
  includes both kidneys being smaller than normal
  may be seen on
• Renal Imaging
• Renal or abdominal X-ray
• Abdominal CT Scan
• Abdominal MRI
• Abdominal Ultrasound
• Renal Biopsy
• Obtaining a tiny piece of kidney tissue under a
  microscope by procedure where a needle is
  inserted through skin to back where strand of
  tissue about ½ to ¾ in. long is obtained
• Helps to identify problems at the cellular level

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Renal Sonography
Renal CT
Renal X-ray
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Artificial Kidney / Dializer

• Thin material separates the compartments
• Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
• Dialysate drains the wastes out of the blood
• Clean blood is returned to the body

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Artificial Kidney / Dializer
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Dialyzer Characteristics

• 1- Biocompatibility( how much a membrane is
  compatible with human body )
• 2- Membrane Surface Area
• 3- Molecular Weight ( the solute size that can
  pass through the membrane ).
• 4- Ultrafiltration Coefficient
• 5- Clearance ( the rate of solute removal )

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Dialysis Solution

• Dialysis solution, also known as dialysate, is
  the fluid in the dialyzer that helps remove
  wastes and extra fluid from the blood, as well as
  regulate blood pH and proper level of the ion
  concentrations. It contains chemicals in low
  concentrations.
• Blood is pumped with the peristaltic pump through
  the capillaries, the dialyzing solution is
  flowing around the capillaries in opposite
  direction.

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Dialysis Solution (Dialysate) Function

• Fluid in the dialyzer that contains chemicals in
  low concentrations .
• This solution are Bicarbonate and Acetate .
• Functions -
• 1-Remove the wastes and extra fluid from the
  blood
• 2-Regulate blood PH and proper level of the ion
  concentration .

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Components for Hemodialysis machine

• ?-Single patient hemodialysis systems can be
  divided into three major components -
• 1- dialysate delivery system.
• 2- The extracorporeal blood-delivery circuit .
• 3- The dialyzer .

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Components for Hemodialysis machine
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How Dialysis Work
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• Hemodialysis Machine Parts

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Parameters monitoring in Hemodialysis Machine

• 1- Blood Flow .
• 2-Dialysate Flow.
• 3- Dialysate Temperature.
• 4- Conductivity .
• 5- Venous and Arterial pressure.
• 6-Blood in dialysate leaks.
• 7- Patient blood pressure.

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Air Detectors

• When the air detector senses air it will trigger
  audible and visual alarms, stop the blood pump
  and clamp the venous blood tubing to keep air
  from getting into the patients bloodstream.

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Ultrafiltration

• Dialysis machine causes hydraulic pressure
• There is higher pressure in blood compartment
  than in the dialysate compartment
• This forces water and any other molecules small
  enough to pass through the membrane to evacuate
  the blood.

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Single Patient Dialysate Delivary System
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Volumetric UF Control System
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The extracorporeal blood-delivery circuit