Ship Design Lecture Notes

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Ship Design Lecture Notes
TANIMLAR
Doç.Dr. Ercan KÖSE
www.ercankose.0catch.com
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BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP GEOMETRY

• Figure illustrates the main parts of a typical
  ship.

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• Hull The structural body of a ship including
  shell plating, framing, decks and bulkheads.
• Afterbody That portion of a ships hull abaft
  midships.
• Forebody That portion of a ships hull forward
  midships.
• Bow The forward of the ship
• Stern The after end of the ship
• Port The left side of the ship when looking
  forward
• Starboard The right side of the ship when
  looking forward
• Design Waterline (DWL) or Load Waterline (LWL)
  The waterline at which the ship will float when
  loaded to its designed draught.
• Moulded Surface The inside surface of the skin,
  or plating, of a ship.
• Forward Perpendicular (FP) The vertical line at
  the point of intersection of the LWL and the
  forward end of the immersed part of the ships
  hull.
• After Perpendicular (AP) The vertical line at
  the point of intersection of the LWL and the
  centerline of the rudderstock.
• Midships () The point midway between the
  forward and after perpendiculars.

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• Deck Camber The rise of the deck of the ship in
  going from the side to the centre. In older ships
  the camber curve used to be parabolic but in
  modern ships straight line camber curves are used
  or there may be no camber at all on decks.
• Bilge Radius The radius of the circular arc
  forming the bilge.
• Flat of Keel (Half Siding) The width of flat
  bottom plating on each side of the centre girder.
  
• Deadrise (Rise of Floor) The amount by which
  the line of the outer bottom plating amidships
  rises above the baseline. Therefore, it is the
  difference in height between the baseline and the
  point where the straight line through the bottom
  flat surface intersects the vertical line through
  the side of the moulded surface at its widest
  point.
• Tumblehome The amount the top of the side shell
  slopes back toward the centerline between the
  point of widest breadth and the deck at side
• Parallel Middle Body The portion of the ship
  over which the midship section remains unchanged.
  In this part of the ship water lines and buttocks
  have no curvature that is, all the fore and aft
  lines are

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Principal Dimensions

• Length of Waterline (LWL) The waterline at
  which the ship will float when fully loaded .
• Length Overall (L OA) The total length of the
  ship from one end to the other, including bow and
  stern overhangs.
• Length Between Perpendiculars (L BP) The
  distance measured parallel to the base at the
  level of the design waterline from the after
  perpendicular to the forward perpendicular.
• Length Overall Submerged (L OS) The total
  submerged length of the ship from one end to the
  other, including the bulbous bow.
• Length of Parallel Middle Body (L P) The length
  over which the midship section remains unchanged.
  
• Length of Entrance (L E) The length from the
  forward perpendicular to the forward end of
  parallel middle body, or maximum section.
• Length of Run (L R) The length from the section
  of maximum area or the after end of parallel
  middle body to waterline termination or other
  designated point on the stern.
• Moulded Beam or Breadth (B) The distance from
  the inside of plating on one side to a similar
  point on the other side measured at the broadest
  part of the ship.

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Principal Dimensions

• Maximum Beam or Breadth (B M) Extreme beam
  (breadth), from outside to outside of the shell
  plating.
• Breadth at Loaded Waterline (B WL) Maximum
  moulded breadth at the loaded waterline.
• Draught (T) The vertical distance from the
  waterline at any point on the hull to the bottom
  of the ship.
• Trim The difference between the draughts
  forward and aft.
• Depth Moulded (D) The vertical distance at
  amidships from the baseline to the underside of
  the plating of the main deck.
• Freeboard (f) The vertical distance from the
  waterline to the deck at side. The freeboard is
  equal to the difference between the depth at side
  and the draught at any point along the ship.
• Moulded Displacement The displacement of a ship
  based on moulded dimensions
• Total Displacement Moulded displacement
  modified by adding the thickness of shell plating
  and the volume of appendages.
• Wetted Surface The area of the underwater hull
  and appendages, measured in square meters.

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Displacement The weight of water that would
displaced by the volume of the hull measured on
the outer surface of the shell plating below the
waterline. Displacement tonnage of a vessel can
be obtained directly from Archimedes principle
by multiplying its underwater volume by the
density of water.
Light ship The lightweight tonnage of a ship is
the sum of all fixed weights, i.e. hull,
machinery, outfit and permanent equipment.
LSWSWMWO Deadweight The difference between
the displacement and the lightweight is the
deadweight tonnage which is the sum of the weight
of cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water,
stores, passengers and baggage, crew and their
effects. DWTWCWFWLOWFO WPASWLUGWCREWWSTOR
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• TEU/FEU
• Container Ships are designed for stowage of
  containers in vertical stacks or cells either
  within the hold of the vessel, on deck, or a
  combination of the two. Containers are described
  in "FEU's" or "TEU's".
• "FEU" is a forty foot long container (Forty foot
  Equivalent Unit)
• "TEU" is a twenty foot long container. (Twenty
  foot Equivalent Unit )
• There are six basic types of containers.
• Refrigerated containers
• dry bulk containers
• rack containers for lumber, etc
• automotive containers
• livestock containers
• collapsible containers for stowing when not in
  use.

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• Cubic Capacity
• Tank ships are described in terms of oil carrying
  capacity. Barrel (bbl)
• is the standard liquid cargo unit of measurement
  and one barrel
• consists of 42 gallons (5.515 cubic feet, 0.156
  cubic meter). One ton of
• fuel oil is equivalent to 6.63 barrels.
• Dry bulk cargo ships may also be described in
  terms of Cubic Bales or
• Cubic Grain. Cubic Bales is the space available
  for cargo measured in
• cubic feet within a ship cargo hold to the inside
  of the cargo battens,
• on the frames and to the underside of the deck
  beams.
• Grain cubic isthe maximum space available for the
  cargo within a
• ship's hold in cubic meter, incorporating all
  volume inside the shell
• plating of the hull and to the underside of the
  upper deck plating. Grain
• Cubic occupies a larger cargo volume than the
  ship's Bale Cubic rating.

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Tonnage Measurement

• Gross tonnage is the capacity of the spaces in
  the ship's hull and of the enclosed spaces above
  the deck available for cargo, stores, fuel,
  passengers, and crew.
• Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less the spaces
  used for the accommodation of the ship's master,
  officers, crew, and the navigation and propulsion
  machinery.

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International Convention on Tonnage Measurement
of Ships, 1969 (TONNAGE 69)

• Length
• This means 96 percent of the total length on the
  waterline, at 85 percent of the least molded
  depth measured from the top of the keel, or the
  length from the fore side of the stem to the axis
  of the rudder stock on that waterline, if that be
  greater
• Upper Deck
• The upper deck is the uppermost complete deck
  exposed to weather and sea, which has permanent
  means of weathertight closing of all openings in
  the weather part thereof, and below which all
  openings in the sides of the ship are fitted with
  permanent means of weathertight closing.
• Moulded Depth
• The moulded depth is the vertical distance
  measured from the top of the keel to the
  underside of the upper deck at side. In wood and
  composite ships the distance is measured from the
  lower edge of the keel rabbet.
• Breadth
• The breadth is the maximum breadth of the ship,
  measured amidships to the moulded line of the
  frame in a ship with a metal shell and to the
  outer surface of the hull in a ship with a shell
  of any other material.

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• Passenger
• A passenger is every person other than
• (a) the master and the members of the crew or
  other persons employed or engaged in any capacity
  on board a ship on the business of that ship and
  
• (b) a child under one year of age.
• Cargo Spaces
• Cargo spaces to be included in the computation of
  net tonnage are enclosed spaces appropriated for
  the transport of cargo which is to be discharged
  from the ship, provided that such spaces have
  been included in the computation of gross
  tonnage. Such cargo spaces shall be certified by
  permanent marking with the letters CC (cargo
  compartment) to be so positioned that they are
  readily visible and not to be less than 100
  milimeters (4 inches) in height.
• Weathertight
• Weathertight means that in any sea conditions
  water will not penetrate into the ship

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• Gross Tonnage
• The gross tonnage (GT) of a ship shall be
  determined by the following formula
• GT K1V
• where
• V total volume of all enclosed spaces of the
  ship in cubic metres
• K1 0.2 0.02 log10 V
• Regulation 4
• Net Tonnage
• The net tonnage (NT) of a ship shall be
  determined by the following formula
• in which formula
• (a) the factor shall not be taken as
  greater than unity

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Categorizing Ships

• Cargo Ships
• Ships are generally designed for a specific
  reason. Cargo ships are designed to carry
  specific cargo and can be distinguished by the
  type of cargo they carry, especially since the
  means of handling the cargo is often highly
  visible.

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Categorizing Ships

• Cargo ships are generally one of the following
  types
• Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or
  any item moved in bulk quantities.
• Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to
  a pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a
  way as to facilitate the loading into the ship.
• Containerized cargo, is cargo enclosed into a
  standardized shipping container.
• Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals
  are carried in bulk in large tank ships.
• Roll on/ Roll Off specialized ships.

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Categorizing Ships

• General Cargo Ships
• A general cargo ship is a ship with open cargo
  holds loaded vertically through hatches in the
  upper deck. The holds may be divided by
  intermediate decks called tween decks.

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Categorizing Ships

• Container Ships

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Categorizing Ships

• Barge Carrying Ships
• An extension of the container ship concept is the
  barge-carrying ship. In this concept, the
  container is itself a floating vessel, usually
  about 60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which
  is loaded aboard the ship in one of two ways
  either it is lifted over the stern by a
  high-capacity shipboard gantry crane, or the ship
  is partially submerged so that the barges can be
  floated aboard via a gate in the stern.

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Categorizing Ships

• LASH SHIPS LASH stand for Lighter
• Aboard Ship. It is a specialized container
  ship carrying very large floating containers, or
  "lighters." The ship carries its own massive
  crane, which loads and discharges the containers
  over the stern.
• SEABEE -Sea-barge, a barge carrier design
  similar to "LASH" but which uses rollers to move
  the barges aboard the ship the self-propelled
  loaded barges are themselves loaded on board as
  cargo and are considerably larger than those
  loaded on LASH ships

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• Bulk Carriers (bulker)
• Bulk Carriers carry bulk cargo such as ore, coal,
  pulp, rock, cement, scrap metal, grain, flour,
  rice, fertilizers, sugar or any cargo that
  travels in bulk.

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• Oil Tankers
• Crude oil is carried in oil tankers or in bulk
  and oil carriers (OBO ships).

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• LPG and LNG Carrier
• Along with the great increase in numbers and size
  of tankers have come specialized uses of tankers
  for products other than oil.

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• Roll-on/Roll-off ships
• Roll-on/Roll-off (or Ro/Ro) ships are ships that
  have specially designed ramps to allow cargo to
  be driven on board. A car carrier is a good
  example, but roll on / roll off also relates to
  trucks, ferry type ships and other ships
  providing landing ramps for the cargo.

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• Passenger Ships
• Passenger ships are vessels that carry
  passengers either on an overnight cruise or day
  only cruise.

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Non-Transport Ship Types

• Fishing Vessels

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• Tugs
• The service ships are mostly tugs or towing
  vessels whose principal function is to provide
  propulsive power to other vessels.

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• Research Ships
• Many universities, oil companies, water resource
  boards and governments own and operate research
  ships. Small research ship may provide platforms
  for any type of oceanographic endeavor and the
  large research ships

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• Icebreaker
• Icebreakers are usually wide in order to make a
  wide swath through ice, and they have high
  propulsive power in order to overcome the
  resistance of the ice layer.

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Advanced Marine Vehicles
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Fast Ship
Pentamaran container ship
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Hydrodynamic Supported Vessels

• Hydrofoil configurations can be divided into two
  general classifications, surface piercing and
  submerged foil, which describe how the lifting
  surfaces are arranged and operate

Surface-Piercing (Left) Fully-Submerged (Right)
Foil Configurations
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Air Supported Vessels

• An Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) or hovercraft is a
  craft that is entirely supported by air pressure,
  in close proximity to the surface. It is suitable
  for use over water or land.

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• WIG is an abbreviation of Wing-In-Ground effect.
  A WIG craft can be seen as a crossover between a
  hovercraft and an aircraft. It flies just above
  the surface, usually the water surface therefore
  others use the term WISE or WISES (Wing In
  Surface Effect Ship).

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Representing the Hull Form
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The Half-Breadth Plan
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The Sheer Plan
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The Body Plan
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The Body Plan
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