Marine Birds

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Marine Birds
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Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• 3 Classes
• Class Reptilia
• Class Aves (birds)
• Class Mammalia

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Birds
Evolution
http//www.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de/images/
archaeopteryx_berlin_1864.jpg
http//www.zoology.ubc.ca/bio336/Bio336/Lectures/
Lecture5/dinobird.jpg
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Birds

• Advantages over reptiles
• Can fly (almost all), hollow bones
• Endotherms, homeotherms (retain generated body
  heat and regulate it to a constant temp.)
• Feathers waterproofed w/ oil
• Layer of body fat (penguins)
• Eggs with hard shells

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Marine Birds

• Only 3 of all bird species
• Evolved from different groups of land birds
• Spend significant part of life at sea
• Feed on marine organisms

http//www.stanford.edu/bhackett/los-cabos-2004-0
6/images/cormorant.jpg
http//farm1.static.flickr.com/78/243136146_c609f7
f34d.jpg?v0
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature1
2/_mg_2896a_std.jpg?1237927987
http//creagrus.home.montereybay.com/SUSC-wClam5Mr
08ML_8093f.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Must nest on land

http//www.galenfrysinger.com/nz_north_island_gann
ets.htm
http//www.scn.org/savelake/NL.Spring.2004/NL.Spri
ng.2004_files/GreatBlueHeron.Nest.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Salt secreting glands

• Webbed feet for swimming (not all)

http//bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/44_0
7BirdSaltExcretGlands.jpg
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/c/c1/Australian_pelican_feet_Pengo.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Dense waterproof plumage (except commorants and
  some terns)

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/f/fb/Phalacrocorax-auritus-007.jpg
http//www.rosssea.info/pix/big/Bullers_Albatross.
jpg
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Marine Birds

• Migrations (not all)
• Arctic tern - 24,000 mi roundtrip between
  Arctic and Antarctica
• Sooty shearwaters
• - 40,000 mi/yr

http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/
images/060808-bird-migration_big.jpg
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Penguins

• 17 species

Fairy (aka Little blue) penguins up to 16
in (recovering from oil spill)
Emperor penguins - up to 45 in
http//images.newstatesman.com/articles/2007/980/9
81_p17.1.jpg
http//www.emperor-penguin.com/emperor-pic.jpg
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Penguins

• Southern hemisphere only (Galapagos south to
  Antarctica)

http//www.penguins.cl/penguins/map.jpg
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Penguins

• Dont fly in air, but swim very well (fly
  through the water)
• Wings act as flippers

King penguin
Adelie penguins
Emperor penguins
http//www.arkive.org/media/10/1007916C-1271-45FB-
A448-2C5CC3901894/Presentation.Medium/King-penguin
-swimming-underwater.jpg
http//www.emperor-penguin.com/empswim.jpg
http//www.arkive.org/media/9A/9A6D101C-6263-4EBF-
A656-085BC360BEBA/Presentation.Large/photo.jpg
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Penguins

• Eyes better adapted for underwater vision than
  air
• Adapted for colder waters and air temps

Black-footed penguin (aka African, Jackass)
Gentoo penguin
http//www.emperor-penguin.com/empswim.jpg
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Penguins

• Larger penguins eat fish, squid
• Smaller eat large plankton (krill)
• Mostly feed near surface
• Some dive to 1800 ft, 22 mins

Galapagos penguin
http//www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2008/06/image
_krill.jpg
http//www.arkive.org/media/DC/DCBD3DC6-72B7-4ED4-
B45D-DEAD36C50DEF/Presentation.Medium/Galapagos-pe
nguin-with-fish-in-beak.jpg
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Penguins
Gentoo penguin
Magellanic penguins

• Nesting

King penguin
http//www.arkive.org/media/A5/A55FDBCA-BE94-4B8E-
BADD-BB2A850E2BED/Presentation.Medium/Gentoo-pengu
in-on-nest.jpg
http//www.arkive.org/media/66/66EEC887-1D96-4491-
9DE0-F7F2F454259F/Presentation.Medium/Magellanic-p
enguin-with-chick-at-nesting-burrow.jpg
http//www.arkive.org/media/54/54D67DCF-ADDA-4043-
BAE4-323171BC0B54/Presentation.Medium/King-penguin
-incubating-egg.jpg
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Penguins
Rockhopper penguin
Macaroni penguins
Yellow eyed penguins
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileFalkland_Islands
_Penguins_88.jpg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileMacaroni_Penguin
s_(js).jpg
http//www.arkive.org/media/07/07E739BA-046E-49F3-
A52E-4E74DC570BEF/Presentation.Medium/Pair-of-yell
ow-eyed-penguins-interacting-on-rocks.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Tubenoses
• Albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels

Storm petrel
Shearwater
Albatross longest wingspan
http//scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/Albatross20II.
jpg
http//www.oceanwanderers.com/Cresli.GtShwater.jpg
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61
/Oceanites_oceanicusPCCA20070623-3634B.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Pelicans and web-footed birds
• Cormorants, frigates, gannets

Brown pelican
Cormorant
NOAA
Gannet
Frigate
NOAA
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature3
5/_mg_3067a_std.jpg?1237303661
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature1
6/_mg_1247_std.jpg?1237846082
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Marine Birds

• Gulls
• Jaegers/skuas, terns, puffins, razorbills

Herring gull
Horned puffin
Least tern
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature1
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http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
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http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
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Marine Birds
Feeding strategies
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Marine Birds
Beak shapes
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Marine Birds
Shorebirds beak length
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Marine Birds

• Shorebirds
• Sandpipers, plovers, coots

Sandpiper
Godwit
American coot
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
1/_mg_8004_std.jpg?1238884135
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
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http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
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Piping Plovers

• 3 breeding populations
• (NE Atl. coast, Great Lakes, Great Plains)
• Spend winters SE Atl. coast, Gulf of Mexico
• 6400 alive
• Threatened/
• endangered
• status

http//www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/pe/pei-ipe/images/endang
ered_poster.gif
http//network.nature.com/system/photo/000/002/128
/Piping20Plover20Parent20and
http//www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/esa_w
orks/gallery/images2/piping-plover-Great-Lakes-USF
WS-Nebraska-game-and-parks.jpg
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Marine Birds

• Shorebirds
• Herons, egrets

Great blue heron
Black-crowned night heron
Great egret
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2
/146-4663_img_std.jpg?1238264551
http//3.bp.blogspot.com/_1d4KXeNTJOM/SdByzDE4VMI/
AAAAAAAAA1s/mgKYk0mD4Rk/s1600-h/GREGBayArea25x
7_1_1.jpg
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature1
0/_mg_9522_std.jpg?1238877308
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Marine Birds

• Shorebirds
• Swans, geese, loons
• Ducks, coots, grebes, mergansers

Common merganser
Wood duck
Mute swans
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature3
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http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature1
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Marine Birds

• Birds of prey
• Eagles, ospreys

http//buildyourownbirdhouseplans.com/images/Ospre
yWithFishForward.jpg
http//www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature3
6/_mg_6824_std.jpg?1237300679
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Human Impacts

• Pollution pesticides, PCBs, metals

Bioaccumulation, biomagnification
USFWS