Nature of Personality

1
Nature of Personality
Psychodynamic Perspectives
Behavioral Perspectives
Humanistic Perspectives
Biological Perspectives
Contemporary Empirical Approaches
Terror Management Theory
Culture and Personality
2
Reserved
Outgoing















Less Intelligent
More Intelligent
Affected by Feelings
Emotionally Stable
Submissive
Dominant
Serious
Happy-go-lucky
Expedient
Conscientious
Timid
Venturesome
Tough-minded
Sensitive
Trusting
Suspicious
Practical
Imaginative
Forthright
Shrewd
Self-assured
Apprehensive
Conservative
Experimenting
Group-dependant
Self-sufficient
Uncontrolled
Controlled
Relaxed
Tense
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3
outgoing
assertive
upbeat
friendly
sociable
gregarious
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4
anxious
vulnerable
insecure
self-conscious
hostile
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5
curiosity
flexibility
artistic sensitivity
imaginativeness
vivid fantasy
unconventional attitudes
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6
sympathetic
trusting
modest
cooperative
straight forward
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diligent
punctual
disciplined
dependable
well-organized
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Sigmund Freud UnconsciousMental Processes
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IdPleasure PrinciplePrimary-process Thinking
Unconscious
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Conscious
EgoReality PrincipleSecondary-process Thinking
Preconscious
IdPleasure PrinciplePrimary-process Thinking
Unconscious
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Conscious
EgoReality PrincipleSecondary-process Thinking
Preconscious
SuperegoMoral Imperatives
IdPleasure PrinciplePrimary-process Thinking
Unconscious
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Holds Urges in Check With Reality
EGO
Holds Urges in Check With Morality
Gratify Urges Immediately
ID
Superego
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13
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14
Five Psychosocial Stages
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
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EroticFocus
Key Tasks and Experience
Approximate Age
Stage
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16
Carl Jung
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17
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Alfred Adler
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Conscious
EgoReality PrincipleSecondary-process Thinking
Preconscious
SuperegoMoral Imperatives
IdPleasure PrinciplePrimary-process Thinking
Unconscious
How to Test?
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B.F. Skinner
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Operant Response Tendencies
Circulate, speaking to others only if they
approach you first
R1
Stimulus Situation
Stick close to the people you already know
R2
Large party where you know relatively few people
Politely withdraw by getting wrapped up in a
hosts book collection
R3
R4
Leave at the first opportunity
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Albert Bandura
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RewardingStimulusPresentedGood Buy on Car
ResponseBargainAssertively
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Carl Rogers
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Congruence
Incongruence
Self-concept
Actual Experience
Self-concept
Actual Experience
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Characteristics of Self-actualizing People
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Autonomy
, independence of culture and environment Feeling
s of kinship and identification with the human
race Balance between polarities in personality,
etc.
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Hans Eysenck
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Higher-order Trait
Extraversion
Sensation-seeking
Traits
Sociable
Lively
Active
Assertive
Habitual Responses
Specific Responses
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.60
.50
.40
.30
Correlation of Scores
.20
.10
0
Altruism
Empathy
Aggressiveness
Type of Interfering Material
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.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
Correlation of Scores
.20
.10
0
-.10
Positive Emotionality
Negative Emotionality
Constraint
Fraternal TwinsReared Together
Fraternal TwinsReared Apart
Identical TwinsReared Together
Identical TwinsReared Apart
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Personality traits
aspects of brain structure and function
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Evolutionary Perspective
Traits conductive to reproductive fitness
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Renewed Interest in Narcissism
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Need to Defend CulturalWorldview
Self-preservationInstinct
Anxiety Buffer
Potential forDeath-related Anxiety and Terror
Need toEnhance Feelingsof Self-Esteem
Awareness of the Inevitability of Death
Anxiety Buffer
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36
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
N
E
O
A
C
60
55
T-scores on Personality Traits
50
45
40
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37
Mother
Father
Self
Sibling
Friend
Co-worker
Friend
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38
Mother
Father
Self
Sibling
Friend
Co-worker
Friend
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