The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque Style

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Chapter 20

• The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque Style

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The Age of the Baroque

• 1600-1750

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The Age of the Baroque

• Main features
• dramatic expression
• theatrical spectacle
• spatial grandeur
• (Fiero 503)

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Macao's Ruins of St Paul, whose correct name is
the Church of Madre de Deus, is the only example
of Baroque art and architecture in China.
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The Catholic Baroque Italy and elsewhere
The aristocratic Baroque France
The Protestant Baroque Northern Europe
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• The Catholic Reformation

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The Counter-Reformation

• 1534-90 Counter-Reformation popes
• 1530s Loyola founded the Jesuits
• 1545-63 Council of Trent

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Ignatius Loyola

• - 1491- 1556
• - Founded the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits
• - Spiritual Exercises

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We should always be disposed to believe that
that which appears white is really black, if the
hierarchy of the Church so decides.
(Ignatius Loyola)
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The Jesuits

1. Took an oath of strict obedience to the pope
2. Espoused a life of active service in the world
3. Committed to education and missionary work

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Matteo Ricci

• 1552-1610

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Council of Trent

• 1545-63
• 1) to reform the church
• Unified church doctrine
• Abolished corruption
• Confirmed papal authority

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Council of Trent

• 2) to confront the Protestant challenge
• Insisted on the integration of both faith
  and good works in the process of salvation.
  
• Emphasized spiritual renewal through
  faith, prayer, and religious ceremony.
  

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Sterner Means of Control

• The Inquisition
• the church court dealing with heretics
• Censorship
• Index Expurgatorius
• (Index of Prohibited Books)

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Cristiano Ban, 1857, Galileo in front of the
Roman Inquisition
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Catholic Mysticism

• Loyolas Spiritual Exercises
• Teresa of Avilas autobiographical writings
• Poetry of Richard Crashaw

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Catholic Mysticism

• Emphasize the immediacy of religious experience

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• Development of the Baroque Style

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Mannerism

• -A pejorative term in the beginning, referring
  to artists who were felt to imitate the manner,
  esp. of Michelangelo, without catching anything
  of the spirit.
• -Now applied to Italian painting and sculpture
  of the period between the climax of High
  Renaissance (1520) and the beginning of Baroque
  (1600).

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Mannerism

• -figural distortions
• -irrational space,
• -bizarre colors,
• -general disregard of Renaissance rules
  (symmetry geometric clarity)

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figura serpentinata

• Serpentine figure
• The figure and all its parts should resemble the
  letter S. All the figures are characterized by
  athletic twists and turns.

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Michelangelo, Victory, c.1530
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Giambologna, Hercules and the Centaur, 1594-1600
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Giambologna, Mercury, c. 1564
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Michelangelo, The Last Judgment
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Parmigianino, The Madonna of the Long Neck, c.
1535
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Mannerism

• El Greco
• (1541-1614)

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Da Vinci
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The Immaculate conception
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View of Toledo
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The Baroque

• Italy Caravaggio, Carracci, Bernini
• France Poussin
• Spain Velazquez
• Flemish Rubens
• Dutch Vermeer, Rembrandt

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Caravaggio

• 1573-1610

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The Supper at Emmaus
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Caravaggio, The Conversion on the Way to
Damascus1600
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of Saint Peter1600
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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Caravaggio, The Sacrifice of Isaac1601-02
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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Caravaggio, David, 1606-7
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew1599-1600
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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foreshortening

• To shorten (as a design) by proportionately
  contracting in the direction of depth so that an
  illusion of projection or extension in space is
  obtained.

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Trompe loeil

• To fool the eye
• An illusionistic style

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Bernini

• 1598-1680

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Artemisia Gentileschi

• 1593-1653

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Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernesc. 1598
http//www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/caravagg/i
ndex.html
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• Baroque Architecture

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• Saint Peters Basilic by Bernini
• piazza in front of Saint Peters Basilic
• the colonnade of the courtyard
• the bronze canopy over the high altar of the
  basilica
• Il Gesù by Giacomo della Porta
• San Carlo (alle Quattro Fontane) by Francesco
  Borromini

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• The End