The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines

1
The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines
2
The History of Civil Engineering
3
Boundaries and Surveys

• Need for boundaries and surveys precipitated
  civil engineering as we know
• Surveyors
• Noted and marked foundations of monuments
• Dividing land into parcels
• Egyptians used surveying to predict Nile River
  flood waters
• Romans learned from Egyptians and Greeks the
  importance of surveying
• Aqueducts and roads designed from surveying
  methods

4
Arabic people the astrolabe

• Astrolabe - Fixed surveying method linked to the
  stars
• Arabic people developed proficiency with the
  astrolabe after the fall of the Roman Empire
• Arabic culture also responsible for
• Development of Trigonometry
• Practice of triangulation to achieve accuracy

5
Recognition

• Civil engineering named to distinguish between
  military and other engineers
• Europe and U.S. recognized those who completed
  large-scale projects as civil engineers (18th
  Century)
• 1782 - John Smeaton of England molded himself as
  a Civil Engineer
• 1793 - Society of Civil Engineers created in
  England
• 1818 - Named changed to Institution of Civil
  Engineers

6
United States Societies of Civil Engineering

• Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1824)
• Informal society of engineers
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
• Formed November 5, 1852
• Present and active today

Annual meeting, ASCE Deer Park Hotel, Deer Park,
MD, 1885
www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/ engineersocie
ty.html
7
Bridges
Manhattan Bridge - New York, NY
http//www.pierluigisurace.it/imagerie/aatw0058.ht
m
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Three Classes of Bridges
Arched Bridge

• Beam Bridge
• Suspension Bridge
• Arched Bridge

Beam Bridge
http//www.walkingbritain.co.uk/walks/walks1/w001d
.shtml
Suspension Bridge
http//education.sdsc.edu/enrich/brid.html
http//www.photo.net/photo/pcd3448/golden-gate-bri
dge-94
9
History of Bridges

• 2000 B.C.
• Wooden timber beams built on stone pillars
• Spanned over the Euphrates River
• Commissioned by Queen Semiramis for Babylon,
  suggesting practice was common
• 300 B.C.
• Golden Era Roman stone-arch bridges
• 250 B.C. saw Greek invention of wood truss
• 610 A.D.
• Zhaozhou (Ali) Bridge constructed
• Worlds oldest known open-spandrel stone-arch
  bridge

10
Frankford Avenue Bridge

• Spans Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia,
  Pennsylvania
• Constructed in 1697
• First known stone arch bridge in U.S.
• Still being used today

Frankford Avenue Bridge Philadelphia, PA
http//www.asce-philly.org/achievements05.asp
11
Sewalls Bridge

• First known pile supported highway bridge
• Built over the York River in York, Maine
• Piles driven into river bottom by dropping oak
  logs while standing them in place
• Replaced in 1934

Sewalls Bridge York, Maine
http//www.maine.gov/mdot-stage/ covered-bridges/s
ewalls.php
12
Iron Bridge

• Worlds first all-metal bridge built of cast iron
• Designed by Abraham Darby III
• Spans Severn River near Coalbrookdale, England
• Main span - 30.5 m
• Total length - 60 m
• Weight - 378.5 tons

Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale, England
http//www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Iron_Bridg
e_at_Coalbrookdale.html
13
Jacobs Creek Bridge

• Worlds first modern suspension bridge
• Located on the road between Uniontown,
  Pennsylvania and Greensburg, Pennsylvania
• Designed and built by James Finley for 600 in
  1801
• Bridge demolished 1833, five years after Finley
  had passed away in Uniontown

14
Dams
Hoover Dam
http//www.intermind.net/im/boulder.html
15
Factors to take into account

• Strong enough to resist reservoir water backed
  behind dam
• Impervious to water
• Resists leaks and erosion
• Water cannot find way into dam
• Accommodates overflow

Failure of Teton Dam Rexburg, Idaho 1 billion in
damages
http//web.umr.edu/rogersda/dams/
16
Roads
Route 66 - Arizona
http//www.bekkoame.ne.jp/toisa/wp/wp.html
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Evolution of Roads

• Markings used to designate paths to desired
  destinations
• Invention of wheel brought on roadways
• Evolved from dirt roads into paved surfaces with
  drainage systems to divert water off of them

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Paved Roads History

• 3000 B.C. - the Herappa and Mohenjo-Daro
  civilizations in the Indus valley developed paved
  roads with drainage systems underneath pavement
• 2500 B.C. - Lake Moeris Quarry Road
• Worlds oldest paved road
• Was eight miles long (only 4 miles remain)

19
Those Romans
Roman road cut into Italian Mountain

• 312 B.C. - Road from Rome to Capula
• 130 miles
• 144 B.C. - First high-level aqueduct
• Hydraulic cement introduced in design
• Over 372 roads constructed with a combined
  distance of 53,000 miles
• Roadways suffered with retreat from Britain

http//www.unc.edu/courses/rometech/public/content
/transport/Adam_Pawluk/Contruction_and_Makeup_of_.
htm
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Roads considered a value??

• 600 years after Britain invasion retreat, Norman
  invasion showed roads are considerable value
• The church maintained roadways and constructed
  inns and places of rest
• Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries with his
  self-appointed Supreme Head of Church of England
  in 1534

21
El Camino Real
Marker on El Camino Real

• 1500s Spaniards and Colonials developed first
  inland transportation route into U.S.
• Original use for political and military use only
• Beginning of interstate highway system

http//www.rootsweb.com/txrober2/GhostlyHauntsCol
lection.htm
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Tunnels
Channel Tunnel Boring Machine
http//www.lemleyandassociates.com/
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History of Tunnels

• 600 B.C. - Samos Aqueduct Tunnel
• Water supply routed through a hill on Greek
  island
• Persian and Armenian tunnels in Iran brought
  water to towns in the 8th century
• By 17th century, tunnels widely used to route
  canals through hills rather than around

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Tunnel History cont.
Marc Isambard Brunel (1769 - 1849)

• Marc Isambard Brunel developed a shield for
  boring under the Thames River in 1820
• Dual tunnels run 1200 yards
• Completed in 1841
• First time tunnel cut under a body of water

http//web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/brunel/marcbru
n.html
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Alfred Nobels Dynamite

• Most significant advancement in tunneling
• Alfred Nobel born in 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden to
  a family of engineers
• Father sent him abroad to learn about chemical
  engineering to expand horizons
• Alfred returned and concentrated on
  nitroglycerine as explosive
• Brother and several others killed in an explosion

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Alfred Nobel cont.
Alfred Nobel

• Nitroglycerine banned from Stockholm city limits
• 1864 found way to handle explosive safe
• Nobel built labs and companies in more than 20
  countries
• Holds more than 350 patents
• Immense fortune amassed
• Nobel Prize founder in will

http//www.britannica.com/nobel/alfrednobel.html
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Water Supply and Control
Panama Canal under maintenance
http//www.photoatlas.com/pics02/pictures_of_panam
a_73.html
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Definitions

• Dams - barriers constructed across a waterway to
  control the flow or raise the level of water
• Aqueducts - pipes or channels designed to
  transport water from a remote source
• Usually takes advantage of gravity
• Bridge-like structures support a conduit or canal
  passing over a river or low ground
• Canals - artificial waterways or artificially
  improved rivers used for travel, shipping, or
  irrigation

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The History of Industrial Engineers
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Industrial Engineering

• International commerce increases brought about an
  increase of competition amongst suppliers
• Main role is to combine workers, machines, and
  materials in order to increase productivity and
  reduce waste
• Philosophy traced back to tribal cultures
• Created more efficient tools and made best of
  everyones specific skills

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First Mechanically-Assisted Cutting Device

• Rocking drill that was cord driven
• Assistant needed to manipulate cord in order to
  give alternating rotary movement
• Earliest illustration of lathe found in Egyptian
  tomb of Petosiris

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Pole Lathe

• Developed in 12th century
• Size and complexity of work to be done increased,
  bringing the invention about
• Designed with heavier wooden construction to be
  more rigid and powerful than previous designs
• Continuous drive machine with a large wheel
  cranked by an assistant created to turn metal

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Pole Lathe Examples

• 1500 - Leonardo da Vincis treadle and crankshaft
• Spaichels development in 1561 using human power
• Alternate power supplies developed
• Horse gins
• Water wheels
• Steam engines
• Electric motors

Great Wheel Lathe
http//www.turners.org/Articles/lathehistory.html
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1700 - mid 1800s Machines

• John Wilkinsons cylinder boring mill of 1776
• Father of the industrial revolution
• Henry Maudslays workshops
• Produced machine tools, lathes, and special
  purpose machines
• Trained other great engineers

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1700 - mid 1800s Machines

• Richard Roberts planing lathe and large lathe
  with a back gear that allowed for spindle speed
  changes (1817)
• Automatic spinning mule and differential gear
  from 1825

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History of Mechanical Engineering
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Brief Overview

• Coke replacing charcoal in England in early 1700s
  brought upon the beginning of modern mechanical
  engineering
• Industrial Revolution began due to advancements
  in producing wrought iron
• Machines developed to make use of mass produced
  steel
• Mechanical Engineering recognized as profession
  in England in 1847 and U.S. after 1850

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Boats
The New Orleans arriving at namesake (1812)
http//www.tulsaweb.com/port/history2.htm
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Steam Engines
Watts Engine

• James Watt developed new model steam engine in
  1778
• Engine cooled steam in a condenser separate from
  the main cylinder
• Spurred the application of steam to water, land,
  and air

http//www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/18
78/Chapter3.html
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Steam Powered Ships

• Easiest to implement the steam engines
• Robert Fulton developed combination of Watt Steam
  engine to improved hull design
• Clermont steamboat financial success from first
  Hudson river run in 1807

1907 Clermont replica
http//www.ulster.net/hrmm/quad/1909hudsonfulton/
chapter08.html
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Trains
http//www.watercressline.co.uk/
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First to use steam on land

• Weight and size of boilers overcome by use of
  high pressure boilers and iron rails
• Initial designs used in mines and ironworks
• First steam-powered locomotive ran in South Wales
  in 1804
• First passenger train built from Stockton to
  Darlington opened in 1825

43
1829 Competition

• Rail line between Liverpool and Manchester
• Each locomotive must consume own smoke, haul a
  load equal to 3 times its own weight and travel
  at an average speed of not less than 10 mph

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The Perseverance

• Timothy Burstall design
• Vertical boiler with furnace beside it
• Fuel fed to fire by hopper on top
• Attained maximum speed of 6 mph

The Perseverance, The Mechanics Magazine (1829)
http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RArainhill.ht
m
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Sans Pareil
Sans Pareil

• Design and built by Timothy Hackworth
• Two-cylinder engine
• Ran for 27 miles
• Average speed of 14 mph
• Maximum speed of 17 mph
• 14.3 tons hauled
• Boiler feed pump failed often

http//hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm
/
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Rocket

• George Stephenson design and built
• Traveled 70 miles
• Avg. speed - 15 mph
• Max. speed - 29 mph
• Set bar for all future locomotive designs
• Won 500 prize for competition

1979 Rocket replica
http//hex.oucs.ox.ac.uk/rejs/photos/A40/York/nrm
/
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Early Road Transportation
www.blueskyranches.com/
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Chariots

• Used in warfare by Middle Eastern nations
• Handed down to Romans and Greeks
• Chariots had either two or four wheel
• Used primarily for transportation of goods
• 770 B.C. saw advent of chariot races

Modern Day Chariot Race
http//www.gt40.co.uk/gt40lm03.html
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Romans and Britain

• Romans invaded Britain two times before
  succeeding in 43 A.D.
• Many transportation techniques introduced and
  groundwork laid for roadways
• Collapse of Roman Empire control in Britain saw
  end of roadways as main source of travel
• Horseback way to travel after 410 A.D.

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Carriages and Coaches

• British imports between 1550 and 1600 A.D.
• Confined as baggage travel between towns for the
  rich

Carriage ride in Central Park
http//www.galenfrysinger.com/horse_carriages_new_
york_city.htm
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Post Office Act of 1765

• Mail had to be transported at a rate of at least
  6 mph
• Mail coaches began to be regularly used starting
  in 1784
• Mode of transportation did not change much in
  years to come
• Problem solving and re-engineering lead to
  overall improvement in speed, punctuality and
  service to customers

52
Early Automobile
http//photos.nondot.org/2001-10-03-Ohio-Trip/2001
-10-1220-20Indianapolis20Race20Museum/index2.h
tml
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Nicolas Joseph Cugnot

• 1769, invented a military gun-carriage tractor
  used to haul artillery for the French army
• Three wheeled steam-powered tractor traveled at
  2.5 mph
• Frequent stops for boiler to build up pressure to
  power drive wheels
• French unimpressed from slow vehicle and frequent
  stops made
• Successful tricycle that carried four passengers
  developed in 1770

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James Watt

• Developed reputation as high-quality engineer
• In 1763, he was sent a Newcome steam engine for
  repairs
• Rebuilt and made engine more efficient
• Sold these improved engines for 11 years

James Watts Workshop
http//www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/18
78/Chapter3.html
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William Murdock

• James Watts staff engineer
• Developed a three-wheeled steam-driven vehicle
  that was much lighter than Cugnots in 1785
• Watt fired Murdock because of too much time spent
  on project

Murdocks innovation
www.birmingham-photos.co.uk
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The Bicycle
http//leapfrog-entertainment.com/Artists/Big/Just
inCase/JustinCase.htm
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Dandy Horse

• 1817 was first prototype of bicycle
• Developed by Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn of
  Manheim
• Father of Bicycle
• Gained popularity due to novelty purposes, not
  practical uses

Dandy Horse
http//www.cycle-info.bpaj.or.jp/english/learn/bcc
02.html
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First Pedal-Powered Bicycle

• Kirkpatirck MacMillian, a blacksmith invented
• Pedals powered back wheel and steering done on
  front
• Wheels mounted on brass bearings, saddle seats,
  ran on iron tyred wooden wheels

MacMillan Velocipede
http//www.cycle-info.bpaj.or.jp/english/learn/bcc
02.html
59
Boneshaker

• Pierre Michaux of Paris variance of a velocipede
  in 1860
• Frame made of wrought iron, pedals mounted in
  line with front wheel and axle, and friction shoe
  on rear tire to slow
• Sold for 13
• First two-wheeled bicycle actually caught on for
  practical use

Boneshaker
http//www.museumsnett.no/ntm/no/samlingene/sykler
/forside.htm