Kinesiology of Athletic Movement: Kicking

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Kinesiology of Athletic Movement Kicking

• Zahra Abdalla
• Ayan Elmi
• Elizabeth Jenket
• Alejandro Morales
• Sondos Serageldin
• Jill Sutera
• Kevin Weeks

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Soccer Kick Video
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Background of Kicking

• Kicking A series of rotational movements.
• The Aim to produce through the kinematic chain
  of body segments, high angular velocity to the
  foot in order to exert enough force for the ball
  to move.
• Kicking is a complex motor task, which rapidly
  develops between the ages of four and six.

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Goal of Kicking

• The place kick action is performed in order to
  accomplish a certain velocity of the ball ( needs
  greater swing limb/foot speed), or to direct the
  ball to a desired location.
• The direction of the ball is determined by the
  position of the planted foot and the hip position
  at impact.
• The length of time of the kick depends on the
  approach distance.
• The intensity of the kick is determined by the
  desired distance and speed.

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Biomechanical Analysis of Kicking
Figure 3. The last step and kicking phase in a
maximal kick (Luhtanen 1984)

• 1) You put the foot back in order to gain enough
  kinetic energy before you hit the ball so the
  ball will move due to the kinetic energy of the
  foot
• 2) Work is done by the foot on the ball- you have
  to work against gravity (muscles have to exert a
  torque against the gravity torque)
• 3) Release Phase torque due to gravity will
  change gravitational potential energy of the leg
  to kinetic energy thus transferring energy from
  the foot to the ball

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Athletic Application of Kicking

• The standing place-kick can be applied to
  soccer and point scoring in both rugby and
  football.
• This kick action can be broken down into 6
  stages
• - the approach
• - plant-foot forces
• - swing-limb loading
• - hip flexion and knee extension
• - foot contact
• - follow-through

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Kicking Application cont.

• The Approach As a child develops their
  kicking pattern they learn to pace the run up and
  adjust their approach into a diagonal angle. A
  45-degree angle produces the greatest peak ball
  velocity.
• Plant-foot Forces The ground reaction force on
  the plant foot directly affects the ball speed.
  There is also a direct relationship between the
  direction of the plant foot and the direction the
  ball travels. The most accurate direction of the
  ball can be accomplished when the foot plant
  position is perpendicular to a line through the
  center of the ball. The optimal
  anterior-posterior (A-P) position of the plant
  foot is adjacent to the ball. This A-P position
  determines the flight path of the kicked ball.

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Kicking Application cont.

• Swing-limb loading The swinging of the limb
  prepares for the descending motion towards the
  ball. During this phase the opposite arm is
  raised to counter balance the rotating body. Both
  arms help keep the center of gravity over the
  support foot and increases the moment of inertia
  of the trunk. The kicking leg is extended and the
  knee is flexed to store elastic energy and allow
  a greater transfer of force to the ball. At the
  end of this phase there is maximal eccentric
  activity in the knee extensors.
• Hip flexion and knee extension In this phase the
  thigh is swung forward and downward with a
  forward rotation of the lower leg. The leg then
  begins to accelerate due to the combined effect
  of the transfer of momentum and release of stored
  elastic energy in the knee extensors. The knee
  extensors then powerfully contract to swing the
  leg and foot towards the ball. After the kicking
  leg makes contact with the ball the knee is
  extended and the foot is plantarflexed. At this
  time the hamstrings are maximally activte to slow
  the legs eccentric movement.

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Kicking Application cont.

• Foot contact with the ball When the foot makes
  contact with the ball 15 of the kinetic energy
  of the swinging limb is transferred to the ball
  and the rest of the energy is used by the
  eccentric activity of the hamstring muscle group
  to slow the limb down.
• Follow Through This serves to keep the foot in
  contact with the ball to maximize the transfer of
  momentum and therefore increase speed. This also
  serves to guard against injury by gradually
  dissipating the kinetic and elastic forces.

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AGONISTS and ANTAGONISTS

• Agonists
• Hip flexors rectus femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius
• Knee extensors 4
• Dorsiflexors
• Antagonists
• Hamstrings
• Gastrocnemius
• Plantarflexors

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SYNERGISTS and STABILIZERS

• Synergists
• Hip internal external rotators, adductors,
  abductors
• Knee adductors, abductors
• Ankle Peroneals (lateral) , post tibialis
  (medial)
• Stabilizers
• Trunk stabilizers Abdominals, psoas major,
  erector spinae and postural muscles
• Muscles of the plant foot and leg

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Neutralizers and Primary Muscle Group IMAs EMAs

• Neutralizers
• Hip abductors and adductors, internal and
  external rotators
• Foot inverters and everters, pronators and
  supinators
• Primary Muscle Group IMA EMAs
• Hip flexors, knee extensors, dorsiflexors of
  tailor joint

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Major Muscles Contractors

• Adductor Magnus
• Pelvic on femoral adduction
• Support body weight
• Pectineus, Adductor Breves Longus
• Femoral on pelvic adduction torque
• Accelerate the ball
• Hamstrings Quadriceps
• Flexion Extension
• Creates force

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Axis of Rotation of the Hip
Saggital, Frontal and Horizontal Plane
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Axis of Rotation of the Knee
Flexion Extension in the Sagittal Plane
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Axis of Rotation of the Knee
Horizontal Plane
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Axis of Rotation of the Ankle
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Major External Forces

• Gravity, friction, and time (duration of contact)
• The ball will exert a force equal in magnitude to
  contact but opposite in direction

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Major Internal Forces

• The movements in soccer are monitored by players
  internally. Sense organs within the muscles,
  joints and tendons provide information to the
  central processing system about their movements.
  This is commonly called muscle sense or
  kinesthetic sense. In the internal loop the nerve
  endings in skin tell the footballer about the
  touch of the ball, kinesthetic receptors in
  joints control the joint angle, muscle spindles
  relate to the length change in the muscle, and
  the Golgi apparatus the tension in tendon.
• Internal force phases of kick include
  preparation, approach kick, and follow-through.

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Muscle Action during kicking preparation
(right-footed kick)
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Muscle action during approach kicking
(right-footed kick)
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Muscle action during follow-through (right-footed
kick)
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Radius of Gyration

• The radius of gyration is the distance between
  the hip of the planted leg and the opposing hip
  is the axis of rotation of the kicking motion.

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Linear and Angular Velocity

• The length of the body segments or the radius of
  rotational movements influences the linear
  velocity of the rotating foot.
• The linear velocity of rotating levers can be
  expressed as a product of the radius of
  rotational movement and angular velocity.

• A skillful soccer player produces high ball
  velocity by maximizing angular velocities of the
  thigh and shank (Asami et al. 1976).

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Torques and Center of Mass

• Note When you try to kick the ball, kick it at
  the center of mass- force from the foot should
  hit it in the center of mass to achieve total
  translational energy so the ball can reach
  farther, yet if not achieved it will be more
  stable

• Torque exerted by the muscles to rotate the
  lower leg around the knee joint in order to move
  the lower leg in position to kick the ball
• Torque due to gravity knowing the line of action
  of the weight (perpendicular distance to the line
  of action of the weight of the leg)

http//www.bethpage.ws/admin/chiscock/Kicking_Ball
.jpg
Figure 8. Torque of hip, knee and ankle in a
maximal instep kick (Luhtanen 1988)
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Newtons Laws and Angular Motion Newtons 1st Law

• 1st Law A body continues in a state of rest or
  uniform  rotation about its axis unless acted 
  upon by an external torque.       1) Rotatory
  motion of a lever usually results when muscle
  pulls on bone, providing the external resistance
  is less than the amount of muscular force acting
  on the bone.     2) If the mass is concentrated
  farther away from the axis of rotation, the
  moment of inertia will  be greater, thus the
  system (i.e., lever) will be harder to start or
  stop.

• 3) The mass distribution about an axis of
  rotation (i.e., joint) may be altered by changing
  the limb position.

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Newtons Laws and Angular Motion Newtons 2nd Law

• Reactive Forces
• Foot hits the ball force applied on the ball
  (contact force) and ball exerts reactive force
  back which gives rise to the acceleration of the
  ball

• 2nd Law The acceleration of a rotating body is
  directly proportional to the force causing it, in
  the same direction of the force and is inversely
  proportional to the moment of inertia/ mass of
  the body.
• WorkForce x Distance the magnitude of force
  applied by the kicker against the ball and the
  distance the ball moves in direction of the force
  of the kick
• Angular momentum of a limb is increased if the
  angular velocity is increased ex. kicking a ball
• Acceleration of the Ball Force Contact/ Mass of
  Ball

Figure 5. Vertical, horizontal and lateral
ground reaction forces during maximal kicking
(Luhtanen 1984)
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Newtons 2nd Law Impulse-Momentum

• If you want to give the ball higher momentum your
  impulse must be higher.
• The greater the mass of the leg, and the greater
  the velocity of the foot at impact, the greater
  the resultant velocity of the ball at impact.

• When the foot touches the ball an impulse is
  exerted by the contact force of the foot
• I Force contact x ?Time (duration of contact)
• ?P Impulse (?P change in momentum of the ball)
• The momentum of the kicking foot and leg mass of
  the leg velocity of the foot at impact
  velocity of the body as the player approaches the
  ball.

http//home.flash.net/waynok/graphics/flyingthrou
ghtheair.jpg
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Impulse-Momentum Continued

• The velocity production of the ball can be
  evaluated according to the conservation of the
  linear momentum in collision.
• The action of the ankle can increase the release
  velocity of the ball a little. Through elastic
  collision, linear momentum transfers partly to
  the ball. The bigger the leg mass the higher the
  ball velocity. The point of application must be
  inside the effective hitting area, which depends
  on the tension in the ankle.

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Newtons Laws and Angular Motion Newtons 3rd Law

• When a torque is applied by one body to another,
  the  second body will  exert an equal and
  opposite torque  on the other body.
• Fma the kicker and the ball experience
  different acceleration effect, that is dependent
  on its mass
• Acceleration of the Ball Force Contact/ Mass of
  Ball
• So the ball will exert a force equal in magnitude
  to contact but opposite in direction

http//www.shetland.gov.uk/community/news/images/j
0400097.jpg
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Acceleration and Velocity

• The acceleration of the kicking leg, and the
  resultant velocity at impact, is determined by
  the muscle forces being applied by the kicker.
• The release velocity of the ball with respect to
  timing had the strongest relationship to the
  maximal torque produced during the 1. hip flexion
  2. knee extension and 3. short ankle stabilizing
  in the kicking leg.

• Thus the increase of the body mass means increase
  in the mass of the foot and this automatically
  increases the release velocity of the ball in the
  kick.
• The regulation of the effective mass in the
  kicking foot might play an important role for
  getting the high release velocity to the ball
  (Luhtanen 1988).

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The Role of the Arms

• The role of the arms in kicking is primarily to
  maintain the balance of the body.
• The arms are usually extended out to the sides of
  the body during the forward motion of the kicking
  leg, to help to keep the center of gravity over
  the support foot, and to increase the moment of
  inertia of the trunk and increase resistance to
  rotation around the spine, or the long axis of
  the body.
• As the kicking foot contacts the ball, the
  opposite arm moves forward and upward across the
  body to help keep the trunk down and the body in
  balance.

http//students.umf.maine.edu/pullenam/soccer.jpg
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Kicking Questions

• What are the primary movers (agonists) involved
  in the swing phase of kicking?
• a) Quadriceps, hamstrings, plantar flexors
• b) Hamstrings only
• c) Gluteus medius, soleus, tibialis anterior
• d) Adductor magnus, soleus, fibularis
  longus,sartorius
• The greater the mass of the leg, the______ the
  velocity of the foot at impact,
• the ________ the resultant velocity of the ball
  at impact.
• a) greater, lower
• b) lower, greater
• c) lower, lower
• d) greater, greater
• The momentum of a soccer kick is dependent on
• a) The velocity of the kick
• b) The mass of the ball itself
• c) The duration of the impact between the foot
  and the ball
• d) All of the above
• What is the purpose of the arms during kicking?
• a) To allow greater transfer of force to the ball
  
• b) To increase the intensity of the kick

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References

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