Chapter 7: Long Term Separatist Terrorism

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Chapter 7Long Term Separatist Terrorism
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The Irish Trouble Vikings

• Irish culture originated with Celtic invasion 300
  years before Christ.
• Never united as a single entity under a Celtic
  ruler or political authority
• Government was maintained through kinship and
  clans
• Viking raiders began attacking Ireland about 800
  C.E.
• Brian Boru was declared High King of Ireland in
  1014 and successfully revolted against the
  Vikings.

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The Irish Trouble The Normans

• Normans were attracted to fortifications offered
  by Irish cities
• As well as the agricultural wealth of the
  interior
• Normans were descendants of William the
  Conqueror.
• Had ambitions for extending their domains
• Staked territorial claims in Ireland
• Found success due to new methods of warfare
• Normans ruled Ireland from 1171 till 1601.

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The Irish Trouble The Normans

• Normans built castles to control Irish cities.
• Irish peasants generally dominated rural areas.
• The Irish maintained cultural and religious
  traditions.
• The Irish and English vied for dominance Irish
  maintained tribal customs and clan structure
  ending in 1601.
• Irish nobles fled for mainland Europe.
• English and Scottish settlers laid claim to
  Ireland.

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Reformation and Ireland

• Protestant Reformation had tremendous impact on
  Ireland.
• King Henry VIII created independent Church of
  England in Ireland.
• Irish Catholics revolted.
• Trouble created by Reformation continues today.
• Elizabeth I
• Plantation of Ulster
• Ethnic division in Ireland fueled by religious
  differences and animosities.

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Reformation and Ireland

• Ireland in 1600s dominated by three major issues
• First, Plantation of Ulster displaced Irish
  peasants.
• Conquest not colonization
• Second, English Civil War came to Ireland.
• Cromwell slaughtered thousands
• Third, Ireland became base from which to revolt
  against William of Orange.
• Apprentice Boys

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Republican Revolutionaries

• Protestants and Catholics joined together for
  independence they called themselves the Society
  of United Irishmen.
• Theobald Wolfe Tone
• Member of Church of Ireland
• Demanded freedom for Catholics
• Demanded the end of Penal laws
• Irish independence more important than religious
  differences
• Led French troops in a revolt
• Facing a French invasion from Ireland, United
  Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1801.

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Home Rule

• Act of Union gave Ireland voice in the British
  Parliament
• Home Rule (Daniel OConnel, Charles Parnell, John
  Redmont) legislative drive for independence
• Second parliament for Ireland free from direction
  British control
• Ireland would remain part of United Kingdom
• Citizens would swear allegiance to British
  monarchy
• Exercise autonomy through their own prime
  minister and legislative body

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Home Rule Unionists

• Protestants in the north were not in favor of
  Home Rule they wanted to remain under British
  rule.
• Afraid of Catholics in the south
• Felt they would lose status
• Outnumbered Catholics
• Irish Protestant Unionists began to militarize
  their Orange organizations

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Early Irish Republican Army (IRA)

• Bell Definitive treatise on origins and
  development of IRA.
• Began with campaign of violence by Irish
  Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in late 1800s.
• Bombings and assassinations from 1870-1916.
• IRB activities frightened Irish citizens.
• IRB leadership was dominated by men who believed
  each generation produced warriors who would fight
  for independence.
• Provided basis for resurgence of Irish culture.

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The Easter Rising

• British promised home rule to Ireland at the end
  of WWI.
• Pearse and Connolly led a revolt in Dublin on
  Easter Day 1916.
• They announced revolutionaries had formed an
  Irish Republic.
• Britain fought back militarily.
• IRB transformed into IRA.

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1916 Easter Rising

• Political party of republicanism, Sinn Fein, had
  not gathered public support.
• Irish popular opinion favored Home Rule
• Uprising failed
• British overreacted
• Death sentences
• Prison sentences
• Execution of Pearse and Connelly garnered public
  sympathy

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The Black and Tan War

• Sinn Fein continued its activities in spite of
  the failure of the Easter Rising
• Rejection of the home rule
• Demand of a complete free state without British
  participation in Irish politic
• Michael Collins
• Revolution must be systematic, organized, and
  ruthless
• Studied tactics of earlier anarchists and
  terrorists
• Developed selective terrorism
• After months of planning, recruiting and
  organizing Collins launched the IRA

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The Black and Tan War

• Collins continued campaign of terror against
  unionist and the RIC Royal Irish Constabulary
• British response was hastily formed
• Military force called the Black and Tans (because
  of their mismatched uniforms) invited Ireland
• Both sides employed tactics of murder and mayhem.
• Conflict became known as The Black and Tan War.

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Separation and Independence

• Seeking to end violence in Ireland, politicians
  in Britain and Ireland formulated steps to grant
  Irish independence.
• Protestant unionists feared abandonment by
  British.
• 1921 treaty between Britain and Ireland (Micheal
  Collins)
• Ireland would be granted independency.
• Ulster would remain under British protection.
• Southern Ireland became the Free State the
  Republic of Ireland.

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Separation and Independence

• Civil war broke out
• IRA fought Irish government forces claiming Irish
  independence extended to all Irish people
• Eamon De Valera
• Murder of Michael Collins
• Rejected British control of the North
• British tightened hold on North granting special
  powers to combat the IRA
• Ireland became a divided country.

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Trends in the IRA to 1985

• 1927 De Valera become Prime Minister
• 1930s split in ranks of IRA
• One group of the IRA believed in peaceful
  political expression of its ideals (James
  Connolly)
• Second group of IRA (Provisional IRA) believed
  that purpose of the IRA was to fight
• IRA was active in England from 1939 to 1944
• IRA launched ineffective terrorist campaign in
  Northern Ireland in 1956
• Without the public support IRA called off its
  offensive in the North in 1962

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Trends in the IRA to 1985

• In 1969 Catholic civil rights campaign engulfed
  Northern Ireland
• Demonstrations grew violent when Catholics
  demanded same rights as Protestants in 1969.
• Economic situations in Northern Ireland favored
  Protestant Unionists.
• 1922 1966 civil rights of Catholics in Northern
  Ireland were reduced
• Economic power of Unionists increased
• Civil right workers and demonstrators become very
  active.
• In 1969 demonstration march from Londonderry to
  Belfast turned into fight with RUC (B-Specials)

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Trends in the IRA to 1985

• British army had little to no appreciation of the
  historical circumstances behind the conflict
• Mistakenly allied itself with one of the
  extremist positions in the conflict
• Republicans and Catholics became a subject of
  British Army oppression
• Feeling oppressed they found help in IRA
• Unionist organization created terrorists enclaves
  to terrorize Republicans
• Unionist terror was based on retribution

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Negotiating an end to terrorism

• Anglo-Irish Peace Accord 1985
• Establishing a joint system of government for the
  troubled area
• In 1990 IRA announced ceasefire
• In 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement)
  was signed
• Call for independent human rights investigations,
  compensation for the victims of violence, and
  decommissioning of parliamentary groups
• In 2005 IRA announced end of its campaign in 2005
• In 2010 the British Government, after conducting
  investigation, publicly apologize to the
  demonstrators for the Armys actions in 1972 on
  Bloody Sunday.

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The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)

• Basque region located in Spain, extended over
  the Pyrenees to France
• After the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714)
  the Basque region was granted semi-autonomy.
• Spanish power gradually enfolded the region in
  the 20th century, sharpening ethnic and
  ideological divisions.
• In the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Republicans
  fought Fascists.
• Gen. Franco (Fascist) campaigned against Basque
  national identity he banned the Basque language
  and cultural expression.
• In 1950 Basques formed government in exile in
  Paris.

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The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)

• ETA Euskadia ta Askatasuna
• Waged a campaign of violence since 1959 and has
  killed more than 800 people.
• Was organized by Basque students who were
  dissatisfied with the accommodation of the Basque
  government in exile (in France).
• Claimed an historical, linguistic, literary, and
  cultural identity that distinguishes them from
  both Spain and France.
• Firstly, group did not advocate violence.
• Later ETA decided to take an armed revolution.
• ETA split in1974 to ETA and ETA-M (militant
  wing).
• After Gen. Franco death, the Spanish government
  restored the Basque language and gave control
  over education to local governments.

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ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads

• 1970s
• ETA began a Marighella- style campaign of
  assassination, robbery and banditry.
• 1980s
• Most violent year, 92 people killed
• The emergence of the Spanish Death Squads
• Marital law failed, and Death Squads become to
  torture and murder suspected terrorists and
  supporters.
• Individual Death Squads evolved into GAL
  Anti-Terrorist Liberation Group.

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ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads

• 1990s
• ETA conducted sporadic bombings
• In 1998 ETA agreed to a ceasefire
• In 1999 ETA came back to fighting
• In 2001 ETA murdered thirty foreign tourists,
  attacking Spains major industry.
• In 2006 ETA signed another ceasefire.
• In 2007 bombings reoccurred.
• In 2010 ETA signed another ceasefire.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)

• Tamils are an ethnic minority in southern India
  and Sri Lanka.
• LTTE was found in 1976 by Velupillai Pirapharan.
• LTTE population were bolstered by religious and
  ethnic identity.
• LTTE used terrorism as a prelude to guerilla
  warfare and to support uniformed guerillas in
  field.
• In 2009, Sri Lankan government declared victory
  over LTTE.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)

• History of LTTE struggle
• After II World War Tamils were represented in Sri
  Lanka government.
• In 1955 Sinhalese majority forced the government
  to adopt a Singhalese only policy.
• The Ceylon (Sri Lanka) government (Sinhalese
  majority) began to target minority Tamils in the
  70s and 80s.
• Following Sinhalese rioting in 1983, the LTTE
  mounted three on-again, off-again terrorist
  campaigns.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)

• TACTICS
• Standard guerilla tactics from 1988 to 1992
• Bank robberies, bombings and murder
• In 1987 LTTE pioneered the use of suicide
  bombings
• In 1990 LTTE organized Naval force
• threatening shipping operations with suicide
  boats and other seaborne operations
• In 1994 and 1995 LTTE organized itself as a
  uniformed military force

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)

• In 1995 Sri Lanka government signed a peace
  agreement with LTTE.
• The peace accord broke down and Sri Lanka forces
  launched an all out attack on Tamil strongholds.
• LTTE returned to the campaign.
• In 2002 ceasefire was renewed.
• In 2005 a LTTE sniper shot dead the Sri Lankan
  Foreign Minister.

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The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)

• Fighting resumed in 2006.
• In 2008 Sri Lankan Security Forces began a major
  military offense
• no-fire zones were created
• Forces moved to Tamil areas
• Tamil population was given an option
• Stay and fight
• Move to no-fire zones
• Sri Lanka won, but the International Crisis
  Groups notes that there is still a danger that
  ethnic violence will restore in the future.

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Critical Engagement Separatist Negotiations

• Neuman
• Nationalistic separatists present a unique
  opportunity for negotiated settlements because
  they have recognizable goals.
• The first step in negotiation is recognition of
  group attitude toward the use of violence
• Questioning the utility of violence gives chances
  in negotiation.
• Secondly, groups ability to control its own
  members must be recognized
• Lack of structure and effective command would not
  help negotiation.

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Critical Engagement Separatist Negotiations

• Neumans pragmatic guidelines for negotiation
• If government appears to eager to negotiate, it
  may backfire.
• Agreement on a ceasefire must precede
  negotiations.
• Negotiations must address both the political
  settlement and the welfare of the terrorists.
• Negotiations must be broadly based.
• Terrorist must agree to become a part of the
  democratic process and renounce violence.