Behavioral, Structural, and Reproductive Adaptations

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Behavioral, Structural, and Reproductive
Adaptations

• Mrs. Harlin

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2.1.2

• Analyze the survival and reproductive success of
  organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and
  reproductive adaptations.

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Circulatory System

• http//videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/29
  103-100-greatest-discoveries-blood-flow-theory-vid
  eo.htm

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Transport and Excretion

• Animals
• Food absorbed from the digestive system enters
  the circulatory system where nutrients are
  delivered to cells throughout the body.

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Digestive System

• Enzymes break down food into smaller components.
• Mouth (carbohydrates)
• Esophagus
• Stomach (proteins)
• Small Intestines (carbohydrates, proteins,
  lipids, and nucleic acids)
• Large Intestines (absorbs water)
• Anus

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Liver

• Removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen.
• Converts amino acids and fats into energy to be
  used during metabolism.
• Stores vitamins and minerals.
• Produces bile for fat digestion.

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Homeostasis

• Drinking to much during meals or not eating a
  well balanced diet can alter the acidity of the
  stomach, making digestion harder.
• Not drinking enough water throughout the day can
  also decrease digestion because without water
  nutrients and waste cannot flow in and out of
  cells.

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pH Levels of Organs and Body Fluids Organ or
fluid pH level

• Saliva 6.5 to 7 (slightly acidic to neutral)
• Blood 7.36 (slightly alkaline)
• Stomach 1.5 to 3 (very acidic)
• Pancreatic juice 8.8 (alkaline)
• Bile 7 to 7.7 (slightly alkaline)
• Small intestine 7 to 7.5 (slightly alkaline)
• Large intestine 6.5 to 7.3 (slightly acidic to
  slightly alkaline)
• Urine 6.5 to 7 (slightly acidic to neutral)

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Transport and Excretion

• Plants
• Vascular- water travels through tissues called
  xylem sugar travels through tissues called
  phloem.
• Nonvascular- water and minerals enters directly
  through the plasma membrane and travels through
  the plant via osmosis.

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Respiration

• Release of gases
• Cellular Respiration
• Aerobic- requires oxygen (animals, plants)
• Anaerobic- no oxygen required (yeast, bacteria)

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Aerobic Respiration

• Animals
• Lungs (mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians)
• Diffusion through the skin (amphibians, worms)
• Gills (fish and sharks)

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Lungfish

• http//videos.howstuffworks.com/science/gills-vide
  os-playlist.htmvideo-28395

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Respiration

• Plants

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Photosynthesis Respiration
Occurs in the presence of light (and chlorophyll in plant cells) Occurs at all times in cells
Requires energy (light) to make sugar (glucose) Releases energy from sugar
Complex substances (sugar) are formed from simpler ones. Complex substances (sugar) are broken down into simpler ones.
Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials. Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products.
Oxygen is given out. Oxygen is taken in.
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Occurs in the mitochondria of animal and plant
  cells!
• O2 glucose -gt CO2 H2O ATP

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Anaerobic Respiration

• Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and some
  bacteria, and produces carbon dioxide and ethyl
  alcohol.
• Lactic Acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells
  and bacteria. A build up of lactic acid is what
  causes muscle soreness.

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Nutrition

• Autotrophs- organisms that can make their own
  food (photosynthesis).
• Heterotrophs- organisms that consume food or
  decompose food.

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Photosynthesis

• Occurs in chloroplasts of plants and some
  protists such as algae.
• CO2 H2O -gt O2 glucose
• Sunlight is the energy source.

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Reproduction

• Sexual- gametes are needed to create offspring
  with variation.
• Asexual- gametes are not needed because an
  organism makes an exact copy of itself.

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Sexual Reproduction

• Animals- egg and sperm make a zygote, which grows
  into an embryo, which grows into a fetus
• Plants- egg and pollen make a seed which
  germinates.
• Plants and Fungi- some make spores

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Internal Fertilization

• Egg and sperm unite inside the organism.
• Mammals- nourishment by the placenta
• Birds
• Reptiles

Nourishment by amniotic egg
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External Fertilization

• Egg and Sperm unite outside of the organism.
• Amphibians
• Fish
• Ferns
• Water is needed for fertilization.

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Seed plants

• Gymnosperms- cone bearing plants

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Seed plants

• Angiosperms- flowering plants

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Behavioral Adaptations

• As an organism develops special behaviors which
  may be innate or learned are important for
  survival.

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Suckling
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Taxis

• Chemotaxis (Termites release pheromones for
  communication)
• Phototaxis (Plants response to light)

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Migration
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Estivation/Hibernation

• A state of lower metabolic activity- torpor.
• Estivation- summer heat and drought
• Hibernation- winter cold and drought

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Habituation

• Habituation is when an organism stops responding
  to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

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Imprinting

• Imprinting is learning that occurs early in
  development that cannot be changed such as ducks
  and geese recognizing the first person they see
  as their mother.

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Classical Conditioning

• Stimulus association
• Ex Pavlovs dogs
• Belldog salivating because he associates it
  with food.

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Trial and Error Learning

• Rewards and punishments

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Basking Shark

• http//www.arkive.org/basking-shark/cetorhinus-max
  imus/video-06.html

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Red-Breasted Goose

• http//www.arkive.org/red-breasted-goose/branta-ru
  ficollis/video-09b.html

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References

• tutorvista.com
• lauragrady.com
• writeonnevada.com
• http//www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Vascular-Pl
  ants-Described.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8672.
  html
• http//sharonapbio-taxonomy.wikispaces.com/Plants-
  Gymnosperms
• http//www.ucadia.com/uca/u13/133200.htm
• kingdomplantae.blogspot.com
• childrenscolorado.org
• reptilegardens.com
• myths.e2bn.org
• Arkive.org
• http//sbi3u1tdoust.edublogs.org/2010/06/01/respir
  ation/
• vtaide.com

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References

• shs.westport.k12.ct.us
• http//backyardnaturalist.ca/?page_id702
• Howstuffworks.com