API Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System

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• API Engine Oil Licensingand Certification
  System
• Presentation for
• IMEAC
• San Antonio, Texas
• April 2001

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• R.C. (Dick) Clark
• 1220 L St NW
• Washington, DC 20005
• Phone [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• e-mail clarkd_at_api.org

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Presentation Outline

• History of Engine Oils
• Benefits of Licensing
• S Categories C Categories
• Summary

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APIs Engine Oil Program

• Voluntary program
• Agreement between API and U.S. automobile
  manufacturers
• Licenses the use of API Marks
• Performance requirements cooperatively established

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APIs Engine Oil Program

• Licensing
• Based on performance
• Composition not a requirement
• Data filed by Licensees
• related to performance

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History of Engine Oil Licensing

• Pre 1947 Oils classified by SAE J300 viscosity
  grade only
• 1947 API defined three categories
• Regular Straight mineral oil
• Premium Mineral oil with oxidation inhibitors
• Heavy Duty Mineral oil with oxidation
  inhibitors and detergent/dispersants
• 1952 API defined categories for gasoline and
  diesel
• ML, MM, MS for gasoline engines
• DG, DM, DS for diesel engines

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Licensing History Continued

• 1960 API added Sequence Testing to requirements
• Still no precise definitions of performance
• Company specifications and Mil specifications
  used
• 1970 API, ASTM, SAE developed present
  classification system
• S and C categories introduced
• 1993 EOLCS launched
• CMA Code of Practice instituted
• Todays licensing program started

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• Licensed Marks

API Service Symbol Donut
API Certification Mark Starburst
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Engine Oil Programs Value

• For government
• Stakeholders provide cost-effective,
  self-regulatory program
• Audit program encourages careful quality control
  and provides demonstration of oil quality
• Performance requirements complement government
  environmental initiatives and standards
• Approved oils help to conserve energy

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Engine Oil Programs Value

• For consumers
• Identifies products that satisfy auto
  manufacturer recommendations
• Provides user-friendly product information and
  recognizable symbols
• Provides a choice of quality products from which
  consumers may choose
• Helps conserve energy
• Offers rigorous monitoring of products in market

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How Are Consumers Encouraged to Look for API
Marks ?

• Vehicle operators maintenance manuals
• Oil marketing advertisements
• API brochures, website, and literature
• Media sources (Consumer Reports,OEM
  Off-Highway,Equipment World)
• 
  

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How Are Engine Oil Performance Standards Created
in U.S?
Engine Builders Define the Need
Oil Industry(API) Licenses Standards
New Engine Oil Performance Standard
Technical Societies (ASTM SAE) Develop Standards
Additive Industry (CMA) Provides
Technology
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Passenger Car Categories

• Category Years AKA Major Distinctions
• SA Pre 1930 ML
• SB 19301963 MM
• SC 19641967 MS
• SD 19681971
• SE 19721979
• SF 19801988
• SG 19891993 Fuel economy and phos limits
• SH 19941996 CMA Code EOLCS
• SJ 1996 Lower phos, tighter volatility, fuel
  economy
• SL 2001 New wear oxidation tests, tighter
  volatility, improved fuel economy

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Current API Passenger Car Engine Oil Categories

• API GF-2 Designed for improved fuel economy,
  improved emissions system durability, and
  increased performance over GF-1
• API SJ Designed for improved emissions system
  durability and increased performance over API SH
• Energy Conserving Denotes engine oils that meet
  fuel economy performance requirements

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API GF-2 Requirements

• Viscosity requirements SAE 0W, 5W, 10W
• Engine test requirements
• Sequence IID engine rust
• Sequence IIIE oxidation, deposits, wear
• Sequence VE sludge, varnish, wear
• Sequence VIA fuel economy
• L-38 bearing corrosion
• Phosphorous limit 0.10 mass

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API GF-2 RequirementsContinued

• Bench test requirements
• Shear stability Volatility
• Homogeneity miscibility Filterability
• High temperature deposits Foaming
• Catalyst compatibility Flash point
• GF categories incorporate auto-industry
  recommendations on performance, fuel economy, and
  viscosity-grade within same classification and
  carry API Starburst

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Requirements for API SJ

• Engine test requirements
• Sequence IID engine rust
• Sequence IIIE oxidation, deposits, wear
• Sequence VE sludge, varnish, wear
• Sequence VIA fuel economy
• L-38 bearing corrosion
• Phosphorous limit 0.10 mass for SAE 0W-20,
  5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30

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Requirements for API SJ Continued

• Bench test requirements
• Shear stability Volatility
• Homogeneity miscibility Filterability
• High temperature deposits Foaming
• Catalyst compatibility Flash point
• API S category criteria separate fuel economy
  requirements from performance requirements.
  These oils carry the API Donut

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Requirements for API Energy Conserving

• API SJ
• Sequence VIA engine test for fuel economy

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GF-3/SL The Next Category

• Performance enhancements targeted toward a longer
  category lifespan
• Improved fuel economy and its retention
• Improved emissions system protection
• Improved high temperature deposits and foaming
  control and general increased robustness
• Lower oil consumption

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GF-3 Engine Tests

• Ball Rust Test engine rusting
• Sequence IIIF oil thickening, wear, and high
  temperature piston deposits
• (represents 7,500 mile oil drain)
• Sequence IVA valve train wear
• Sequence VG low temperature sludge and varnish
• Sequence VIB fuel economy (new and used oil)
• (4,000 to 6,000 miles of use)
• Sequence VIII bearing corrosion (unleaded fuel)
• TEOST MHT high temperature deposits

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More Demanding GF-3Bench Tests

• Tighter volatility limits by evaporation loss and
  simulated distillation
• Tighter high temperature foaming limits
• 50 max flow reduction on modifiedGM EOFT

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Heavy Duty Categories

• Category Years AKA Major Distinctions
• CA Pre 1961 DG
• CB 19491960 DM
• CC 19611990 DM
• CD 19551990 DS
• CE 19871995
• CD-II 19871995
• CF-4 1990 High-speed, 4-stroke
• CF-2 1994 CMA Code EOLCS severe-duty,
  2-stroke
• CF 1994 Off-highway, higher sulfur fuels
• CG-4 1995 On-highway, high-speed 1994
  emissions
• CH-4 1998 On-highway, high-speed 1998
  emissions
• PC-9 2002 On-highway, high-speed 2004 emissions

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API CF 1994

• Off-road, indirect-injected engines
• including those using fuel with over 0.5 sulfur.
  
• Caterpillar 1M-PC piston deposits
• L-38 bearing corrosion

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API CF-2 1994

• Severe-duty, 2-stroke engines
• Caterpillar 1M-PC piston deposits
• Detroit Diesel 6V 92TA liner scuffing, port
  plugging, ring distress
• L-38 bearing corrosion

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API CF-4 1990

• High-speed, 4-stroke,
• naturally aspirated and turbo-charged engines
• Caterpillar 1K piston deposits, oil consumption
• L-38 bearing corrosion
• Mack T-6 ring wear, deposits
• Mack T-7 viscosity increase
• Cummins NTC-400 oil consumption, piston deposits
• Bench Tests Cummins corrosion bench test
  (bearing)

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API CG-4 1995

• High-speed, 4-stroke engines
• Used in highway/off-road applications,
• Meets 1994 U.S. emissions standards
• Caterpillar 1N piston deposits, oil consumption
• Mack T-8 viscosity increase due to soot (3.8)
• L-38 bearing corrosion
• Sequence IIIE oil oxidation
• GM 6.5 liter roller follower wear
• Navistar HEUI oil aeration
• Bench Tests D892 foaming CCBT corrosion

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API CH-4 1998

• High-speed, 4-stroke engines
• Meets 1998 U.S. emissions standards
• Caterpillar 1K 1990 piston deposits, oil
  consumption
• Caterpillar 1P 1994 piston deposits, oil
  consumption
• Mack T-8E viscosity increase due to soot (4.8)
• Mack T-9 ring liner and bearing wear
• Sequence IIIE oil oxidation
• Cummins M-11 valve train wear, filterability,
  sludge
• GM 6.5 Liter roller follower wear
• Navistar HEUI oil aeration
• Bench Tests D892 foaming, CCBT corrosion,
  D2945 shear stability, D5800 volatility

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API Heavy-Duty Categories

• Drivers for change
• New engine designs to meet environmental
  regulations
• Globalization of engine technology
• Diverse applications

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US Government Emissions Regulations

• 1994 API CG-4
• 1998 API CH-4
• 2002 PC-9
• 200X? PC-X?
• For use with ultra-low-sulfur fuels

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US Federal Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Standards
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PC-9 Driving Force

• New emissions targets must be met by October 1,
  2002
• Engine builders are using Exhaust Gas
  Recirculation (EGR) to achieve goal within time
  frame

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PC-9 Proposed Requirements

• Caterpillar 1Q (EGR) piston deposits, oil
  consumption
• Mack T-10 (EGR) ring liner wear, bearing
  corrosion, oil oxidation
• Cummins M-11 (EGR) valve train wear,
  filterability, sludge
• GM 6.5 Liter roller follower wear
• Navistar HEUI oil aeration
• Bench Tests D892 foaming, CCBT corrosion,
  D2945 shear stability, D5800 volatility

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API PC-9 Challenges

• EGR will add combustion by-products back into
  engine
• Oil sump temperatures expected to rise 4060ºF
• Engine builders have concerns about elastomer
  compatibility

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How Does API Ensure That Licensed Products Meet
Standards?

• After-Market Audit Program (AMAP)
• Purchases samples of licensed products from
  marketplace
• Tests samples to verify that they conform to
  originally licensed formulations meet
  requirements
• Requires corrective action in thecase of
  non-complying results

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Summary

• API and its Quality marks 80 years
• EOLCS
• Provides a standard of reference for engine oil
  performance.
• Worldwide participation
• Only engine oil certification system with
  enforcement