Infection and Fish Disease

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Infection and Fish Disease
Environment Factors ????
Disease
Weak and Illness Fish ?????
Pathogens ??
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Kinds of the Stressors
?Stock and Starvation ?pH shake ?Temperature
shake ?Other water quality factors
change ?Exclude between individual
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Kinds of the Pathogens
?Virus ?Fungi ?Rickettsia
?Parasites ?Bacteria ?Others
V. carchariae
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Route of the Infection
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Virus
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• VVN (Viral nerous necrosis)
• ?????????
• ? ????????????
• ? ??????????????????
• ? ????????????????
• ? ??????????????
• ? ???????????

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Virus
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Nodavirus ??????
? ?????????? ? ?????????(840?)???
??? ? ???????? ? ???????????????
Iridovirus ????
? ????????????????? ?
????????,?LCDV-1?GFV-1???
???????????????(ataxia) ?????????????????
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Vibriosis
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• Diseases caused by pathogenic Vibrio species.
• Major pathogenic Vibrio species in marine fish.

V. alginolyticus V. anguillarum V. carchariae V.
harveyi V. ichthyoenteri V. salmonicida V.
splendidus V. vulnificus
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Diseases in grouper
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• Cloudy lens and exophthalmus was observed in
  grouper.

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Diseases in grouper Vibrio alginolyticus
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Vibrio alginolyticus swarmed on TSA (2.5 NaCl)
agar.
Vibrio alginolyticus grown on TCBS agar.
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Gut associated diseases in grouper
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• Gastroenteritis swollen intestine containing
  yellow fluid caused by V. carchariae in cultured
  grouper Epinephelus coioides in Taiwan (Yii,
  Yang Lee, 1997)

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Bacterial Isolation and Taxonomy
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• The bacterium has been isolated from the
  intestinal yellow fluid and head kidney of
  moribund fish by using tryptic soy agar (TSA, 2
  NaCl) and/or thiosulfate citrate bile salt
  sucrose agar (TCBS) plates.
• Isolates have been identified as Vibrio
  carchariae by using standard morphological, and
  biochemical plate and tube tests, API 20E kits,
  and Biolog GN plates. Vibrio carchariae ATCC
  35084 was used as reference strain to compare
  with.

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Gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio carchariae in
various cultured marine fish in Taiwan

• Grouper Epinephelus coioides, in 1993
• Black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli, in 1995
• Yellowfin sea bream Acanthopagrus latus, in 1998
• Japanese sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus, in 1998
• Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, in 2000
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• Vibrio carchariae
• First isolated from a dead sandbar shark
  Carcharhinus plumbeus at the National Aquarium in
  Baltimore, USA, in 1982

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Pale liver and swollen intestine with yellow
fluid in moribund grouper experimentally infected
with V. carchariae EmI82KL
Moribund groupers exhibited swollen intestine
with transparent yellow fluid i.p. injected with
ECP of V. carchariae
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Pathogenicity of V. carchariae

• LD50 values colony forming unit (CFU)/g fish.
• EmI82KL strain (from grouper), 2.53 x 107 CFU/g
  grouper.
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• Rd strain (from red drum), 5.9 x 106 CFU/g red
  drum.
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• Eight fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected
  with bacterial suspension per dose.
• Vibrio carchariae could be reisolated from
  kidney, liver, and the yellow fluid of swollen
  intestine of moribund fish after bacterial
  challenge.

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Protease Purification Step

• Extracellular products (ECP) of V. carchariae
• 90 Ammonium sulfate precipitation
• Using various columns on the FPLC system
• Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)
• Resource Q
• Mono Q

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SDS-PAGE profile of ECP, fraction of each
purification step (silver stain) and its zymogram
using casein as the substrate (stained with CBB)
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Parasites
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Parasites
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• ?????----????

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Parasites
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Fungi
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• ???----????

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• ????
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• ????? ????????????????
• ????????,???????
• ????0.20.3 ppm????0.30.5 ppm????
• ???
• ????????????????20oC?
• ????????????
• ???????????
• ????2030 ppm????,710???????
• ?????
• ??????????????????????
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• ??
• ?????????????15 ppt??
• ?????????????
• ????????,???????
• ??????2530 ppt,??????0.51.0 ppm????
• ???
• ??????????????
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• ????????,???????
• ????25 ppm??24??,????0.5 ppm??18??
• ???
• ??????? ???
• ????????,???????
• ???25 ppm????0.51 ppm Mebendazole??

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?????????
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?????????
????????
????(Formalin) ????(Copper sulfate
) ?????(Organo-phosphours compound) ?Chloramine T
?Leteux-Meyer ??? ????? 1. Ivermectin
2. Levamisole 3. Teflubenzuron
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?????????
???????
?Benzalkonium chloride(BKC) ?????(Iodine
compounds) ?????(Potassium permanganate)
????(?) ????(Nitrofurans) ????(Sulphonamides)
?????(Oxolinic acid) ??????(Tetracycline)
????(Chloramphenicol)
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?????????
????????
????(Malachite green) ????(Methylene blue) ???
1. ??? (Copper sulfate) 2. ???
(Formalin)
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???--???? ??? 30 ??? ?????? ??? 30 ???
???? ??? 30 ??? ????
??? 30 ??? ???? ??? 5 ??? ?????
??? 20 ???
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? ???????????????? ? ???????pH?????????? ?
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