Child Growth and Development

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Child Growth and Development

• Module 1 Principles of Child Growth and
  Development

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Growth Development
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Growth

• We defined growth as specific _______________
  and increases in the childs size. During the
  first year of an infants life, babies can grow
  ______________ ______ and triple their birth
  weight. After the first year, a babys growth in
  length slows to _____ inches a year for the next
  two years and continues from age two or three to
  puberty at a rate of two to three inches each
  year. A major growth spurt occurs at the
  ________________________.

• Girls generally enter puberty between ages ___ to
  ___ years of age.
• Boys usually enter puberty at ages ___ to ___
  years of age.

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Similarities in Growth

• Growth proceeds from the __________________
• and from the center of the __________________
  ______________.
• Children gain control of the ________ and _______
  first, then the arms and finally the legs.
• At birth, the brain, heart, and spinal cord are
  ______ _________________ to support the infant.
• As children grow, the ______ and _______ muscles
  
• develop followed by the finger and
  toe muscles.

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Differences in Growth

• Children _______________ in their growth. Some
  children are taller, some shorter. Some children
  are smaller, while others are larger.
• These differences are completely normal. Normal
  growth is supported by good _________________,
  adequate ________________ and regular
  ____________________.
• Children do not grow at perfectly
  ______________________ throughout childhood.
• Children will experience weeks or months of
  slightly slower growth followed by
  ________________________________.
• Difference in the amount of growth can be a
  source of ____________________ for some children.
  It is important to help the children in your care
  understand that these differences are
  _______________, that each child is special, and
  to help children develop a sense of
  self-acceptance.

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Key Point

• ____________ is defined as specific body changes
  and increases in the childs size. Growth
  proceeds from the _________ downward and from the
  ____________ of the body outward. Children differ
  in their growth.

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Key Point

• ________________ typically refers to an increase
  in complexity, a change from relatively simple to
  more complicated. _____________ usually involves
  a progression along a continuous _____________
  pathway on which the child acquires more refined
  knowledge, behaviors, and skills. The ___________
  is basically the same for all children however,
  the ___________ varies.

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Principles of Child Development

• 1. Developmental Sequence _____________
  ________________________________
• 2. Development Proceeds from __________
  _______________________________
• 3. Development is ____________________
• 4. Development Proceeds _______________
  _______________________________
• 5. All Areas of Development are
  ________________________

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1. Development Sequence is __________for All
-children develop in ___________________________ -
there is a _______________________ of dev that
occurs as a child grows -while the sequence is
___________ and the behaviors or skills emerge in
the same order, children can take more or less
________ with each behavior or skill -they can
move forward, ______________ for a short time,
then move forward again -some children may
______________ a behavior or skill as they move
forward
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2. Development Proceeds from ______________
-dev progresses from a beginning point moving in
a ______________________________ -just as growth
of an infant proceeds from the ________ down and
from the _________ of the body to the limbs, dev
of behaviors and skills moves from general to
specific -as children mature, their bodily
changes occur in a sequential order and give
children new _______________ -as the brain and
nervous system develops, a childs thinking
______________ skills and motor physical skills
__________________
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3. Development is _______________
-in children who ______________ normally,
behaviors and skills they have already acquired
become the basis for new behaviors and
skills -there is _________________ from one phase
of dev to the next -children continue to add
_________ behaviors and skills as they perfect
their ability to walk, to write or draw and to
speak. -continuation of dev can easily be seen in
children as they _______________ from age two to
age twelve. Holding a
pencil develops into writing and drawing
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4. Development Proceeds at_________________
-each child is different, and the __________ at
which individual children develop are
different -although the ________________ for dev
are usually the same for all children, the rates
at which individual children reach each stage
will be different -some children will ___________
at 10 months and others at 18 months -dev is
never uniform, but is ______________
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5. All Areas of Development are ______________
-areas of development, called ___________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________ -when
one area of dev is _____________, one or more
other areas of dev are also involved
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Key Point

• There are certain periods of time when children
  are especially ____________ to their surroundings
  and interactions with other people. These periods
  of time are tied to brain development and
  readiness for learning. Both will directly affect
  the ________________ of developmental milestones.

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Basics of Brain Development
-there are ___________ brain cells at birth, but
there is minimal wiring between them -a
____________ is the connection between two nerve
sells. Synaptic connections are being formed
throughout the brain throughout life. -early on,
these new pathways are simple, vulnerable
growing rapidly. Later, the brain begins to
surround them with a kind of _____________
(myelin) that offers some protection to the
connections. -messages between synapses are sent
______________________ -stimulation
____________________ determine what connections
are initially formed -_________________ that are
encountered early often, as well as
the childs successful responses, get
wired into the brain
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Basics of Brain Dev cont.
-practice __________ help determine the
strength and durability of a
connection -there are times in a childs growth
that are referred to as _________________________
_________. These are certain periods of time
when children are especially receptive to their
surroundings and interactions with other
people. -these periods of time are tied to brain
dev and _____________ for learning that will
directly affect the achievement of developmental
milestones. For example, language skills depend
on hearing other people speak. -if there is not
adequate _________ stimulation in the first years
of life, language skills, especially grammar
pronunciation, are negatively affected -this is
critically important for young children since the
window of opportunity for
learning language skills begins to close around
5 yr old.
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Experiences and Environmental Influences that
Impact Brain Development

• _________________ you do in the child care
  setting has an effect on the childs development
  and learning.
• How you diaper, ____________, and put to sleep
• The way you __________, and the way you comfort
• The amount of ___________ the child has to play
  in, and the ambient lighting
• The _____________ you sing
• The toys you provide
• The ______________ you serve
• These things and more

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Implications for Learning

• Why should child care professionals learn about
  principles of child development?
• Care and the environment can ____________
  ___________________________________
• The knowledgeable caregiver can __________
  ___________________________________
• When a child is struggling with a new skill,
  ___________________________________
  ___________________________________
• The knowledgeable caregiver can detect
  indicators of possible delays, and __________
  ___________________________________

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Key Point

• All of your interactions with a child have an
  ____________ on the childs development and
  learning. It is important to be ____________ of
  what the child is learning while in your care.

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• As a child care provider you should always be on
  the lookout for signs of _____________________
  and be aware of appropriate methods of dealing
  with children experiencing developmental delays.
• You may use the knowledge about the Principles of
  Child Growth and Development to spot the child
  who is not yet showing the ______________________
  _________ we would expect in a certain age range.
• Certain aspects of development may be ________ or
  non-existent, depending on the child.
• Just because a child may be ________________
  ___________ in an area, it is important to
  continue to help the child develop as much as
  possible in the area in which he is delayed.

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• Developmentally ______________ practices for this
  child may differ from those expected for the
  childs age.
• Include the child in all activities in which he
  can ____________ participate.
• Increased supervision or attention may be
  required to ensure safety and well-being. Such a
  child may also be in need of professional help
  such as ___________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________
• It is important to remember that you should ___
  _______________________. If you have any concerns
  regarding the growth and development of a child,
  the concerns should be presented to
• the appropriate party.

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Key Point

• The ___________ and _______________ generally
  typical for children at a certain age range may
  not be possible for some children who are
  developmentally delayed.

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What is a _____________ Disability?

• Developmental disability
• Appropriate support in the 1st three years of
  life of a child with special needs is called
  early intervention, the sooner intervention
  services begin the better.
• Two specific developmental disabilities that you
  may see are
• Autism
• Down syndrome -

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Inclusion

• The ________________________________, or ADA, a
  federal law, requires child care programs to
  comply with specific accessibility guidelines to
  support children with developmental disabilities.
  Achieving inclusion may require special training
  for staff members, enhanced learning
  opportunities for children, or adaptive or
  modified materials, toys, and equipment.
• The _________________________________, also known
  as IDEA, ensures that children with disabilities
  ages 3 to 21 receive a free appropriate public
  education that early intervention services are
  provided to eligible infants toddlers.
• When child care programs fully support children
  with developmental disabilities, they are said to
  be inclusive.
• A child care program can be inclusive by
• - __________________________
  ______________________
• - establishing a routine
  and schedule
• - __________________________________
  ______________
• - nurturing language development
• - ________________________________
  ________________
• - assisting families in meeting
  their childrens needs

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Positive Behavior Supports

• The best way to guide the behavior of children
  with developmental disabilities is to use
  __________________________________ while
  providing developmentally appropriate
  individualized care.
• Prevention, redirection, and positive
  reinforcement are three types of positive
  behavior supports.
•  
• Prevention
• Redirection
• Positive reinforcement

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Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA

• Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act
  (ADA) in 1990 sent a clear message to the
  American people that children and adults with
  ____________ are entitled to the
  ___________________________ that others enjoy.
• This means that children with disabilities are
  legally entitled to ___________________ to
  community-based child care settings.
• However, a legal mandate by itself is not
  sufficient to make available ___________________
  and responsive child care options for children
  with disabilities.
• Although the picture is improving, families
  continue to have ____________ finding inclusive
  child care programs for their children.

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How would you address the special needs of each
of these children?
-a child who is physically-challenged -a child
who is socially-challenged -a child who is shy
or emotionally-challenged -a child who is
gifted -a child who is mentally-challenged
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Key Point

• Children with disabilities are ________________
  ____________ to equal access to community-based
  child care settings.

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A Day in the Life
Single working parent who works 8 to 5 job and
has one child in child care wake up time? time
to drive to center? pick up time? dinner
time? bath time? bedtime? How much time does
this child spend in interaction with a parent?
How much opportunity does the parent get to
observe the childs growing repertoire of skills?
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Key Point

• Child care professionals may spot ______________
  ________________ before the parents do. This is
  why it is important to _______________ the basic
  child growth and development principles.

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Child Growth and Development

• Module 2 Child Development Theories

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What is a theory?

• A theory is

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Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow developed a hierarchy of __________
  ______________.
• In a hierarchy, one set of things is
  _____________ on the next, both of which are
  dependent on the next, and so on.
• Maslows hierarchy has ____ levels, is pictured
  as a pyramid and goes from bottom (human need
  number 1) to top (human need number 5).
• Like a _____________, it builds one level upon
  the level below.
• Satisfying the needs on the second level depend
  on
• the _________ level needs being
• ______________ and ready to be built
  upon.

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Maslows Hierarchy Level 5 ____________________
________ Level 4 _______________________________
____ Level 3 ___________________________________
_______ Level 2 ________________________________
_______________ Level 1 ________________________
____________________________
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Key Point

• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs include
  __________________, ________________________,
  ________________________, ________________________
  , ________________________.The lowest levels of
  needs must be met before higher needs can be
  accomplished. Successfully meeting the needs at
  each level results in fulfilling ones life with
  purpose and meaning.

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Erik Erikson

• Erikson is recognized as a ____________
  psychologist who can be compared to
  ________________ because of his theory that
  humans develop in stages.
• He developed ____ psychosocial stages through
  which humans develop throughout their entire
  lifetime.
• Individuals must go through each of these stages,
  called __________.
• Moving successfully through these conflicts
  develops a strong _________ and ____________ life.

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Key Point

• ___________ theory on emotional and personality
  development describes eight conflicts that must
  be resolved at stages of throughout life. During
  the childhood years, encouraging ___________,
  _________________, _________________ and industry
  can resolve conflicts and create a resilient
  social and emotional life.

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Jean _______

• He is most known for his work on the psychology
  of __________________.
• Piaget was interested in learning how children
  develop an ____________________ of the world.
• His theory was based on the concept of
  __________________ structures.
• Cognitive structures are patterns of ___________
  or _______________ action that underlie acts of
  intelligence and correspond to stages of child
  development.
• According to Piaget, children develop the ability
  to learn in _____ basic stages.
• In each stage, development focuses around
  acquiring a different set of related
  ______________________ and
• __________________.

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JEAN PIAGET COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT   Stage 1
________ _______ 0-2 yrs -________________________
___________________________ -understand world
by physically manipulating objects -trial
error problem-solving -_______________________
_________________     Stage 2
_______________ 2-7 yrs -_________________________
___________________________________ -uses
symbols to mentally represent objects -increas
e development of language concepts -________
__________________________________________________
__ -egocentric thought processes     Stage 3
_________________ 7-11 yrs -_____________________
_____________________________________
-_____________________________________
______________________ -are able to make
realizations about why things happen -understa
nd how things relate to one another     Stage 4
_________________ 11 yrs -_______________________
____________________________________ -begin
to think about thinking -think in abstract
terms -_______________________________________
____________________
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Key Point

• Piagets four stages of ___________________
  explain how children interact with their
  environment to construct knowledge. Each stage
  represents a change from one type of thought or
  behavior to another and builds on the stage
  before.

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Lev __________

• He developed the _____________________ theory of
  learning.
• Children acquire _______________ through culture.
• Children learn through _______________________
  experiences shared with a knowledgeable adult or
  peer. Initially, the person interacting with the
  child assumes more responsibility for guiding the
  learning. As the child learns, the responsibility
  is gradually transferred to him. This is an
  instructional technique called ________________.
• A child can perform a task under adult guidance
  or with peer ____________________ that could not
  be achieved alone. Vygotsky called this the
  _______________________________________
• and claimed that learning occurred
  in this zone.

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Vygotskys theory for learning

• _____________________ must be developed
• where children play an active role in their own
• education as well as the education of their
  peers.
• In ________________, the adult provides children
• with the opportunity to extend their current
  skills and knowledge.
• Reciprocal teaching ___________________________
• _________________________________________.
• The process has four main strategies for success.
  They are
• ___________ a question for understanding
• ___________ that they are understanding what they
  are reading
• Stopping to _____________ from clues what they
  think will happen in the learning material and
• _________________ what they have learned.

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Key Point

• _______________ socio-cultural theory of
  _________________ development focuses on the
  connections between people and the culture in
  which they interact. The culture that surrounds
  children and their social interaction leads to
  continuous step-by-step changes in their learning
  and behavior.

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Child Growth and Development

• Module 3 Influences Affecting Child Development

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

1. Kierra has learned how to scribble with a crayon
   from her big sister. She can stand on her
   tiptoes. When she starts to sing the ABC song,
   she usually winds up with lines from
   Twinkle-twinkle Little Star. She has become
   pretty good at following simple instructions. She
   gets frustrated when she has trouble doing
   something. Only about half of what she says is
   understandable by strangers and many of her words
   are a mixture of Spanish and English.

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

• 2. Julie doesnt sleep at nap time anymore. She
  is very friendly and adores her older sister. She
  likes playing with dolls and changing their
  clothes. She has started to admonish the younger
  children, reminding them of the rules. She does
  not yet reliably count to ten, getting scrambled
  with random teens.

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

• 3. Teddy can stand and can walk while holding
  onto an adults fingers. He recognizes and
  responds to his own name about half the time, but
  cannot hear well. He can babble, but hasnt yet
  said his first really intelligible word. He gets
  very focused when he plays with blocks and cups.
  He is still drinking from a bottle, and doesnt
  yet have the hang of a sippy-sup.

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

• 4. Tina will look at you when you talk to her,
  and she can ask for something by pointing and
  saying please. She has a vocabulary of about 12
  words that are clearly understandable. She gets
  anxious for a little while when one of her
  parents drops her off in the morning. She gets
  frequent stomachaches. She can pull herself up on
  furniture and can take a step or two before
  sitting down. She can pull off her hat, but not
  her socks.

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

• 5. Vaughn has a large vocabulary and talks almost
  non-stop. He really enjoys being your helper.
  He asks a lot of questions. He likes to play tag,
  but changes the rules on the spot to his own
  advantage. He can write his name, but uses a lot
  of space. He can remove his own clothes and put
  on his pajamas. He can brush his teeth without
  help. If offered a piece of candy, he will
  request that his younger brother receive a piece
  too.

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How old? Does the child sound typical? If not,
what sounds atypical why does it concern you?

• 6. Jose usually prefers to play with other boys
  rather than the girls. He knows his left from his
  right, and can tie his own shoelaces. He tattles
  on other kids. He can balance on one foot, and
  can ride a bicycle without training wheels. He
  likes knock-knock jokes, and knows the days of
  the week and the months of the year.

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Key Point

• Children develop at _____________ _______.
  Internal and external factors have a great
  influence on the development of children and the
  _____________ you make as a childcare
  professional in ______________ for their learning
  and care.

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Favorite Childhood BookTitle? Why
your favorite?
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Five Environmental Influences

1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. __________________________________________________
   ____
4. __________________________________________________
   ____
5. __________________________________________________
   ____

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Key Point

• __________________ influences such as nutrition,
  exercise levels, daily routines in physical
  activities and learning and relationships with
  adults and other children are important for
  childrens ______________________________________

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The Influence of Heredity on Child Development

• Heredity
• Temperament

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• Temperament is different from ______________.
• _______________ is a prevailing or dominant
  quality that characterizes a person.
• _____________ is the totality of a persons
  attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns,
  emotional responses, social roles and individual
  traits that endure over long periods of time.
• While the childs _________________ may stay the
  ________, he/she can become more outgoing
  (personality) as he/she learns to trust and work
  with others.

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59

• Temperament also differs from __________.
• For example

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Key Point

• ____________ is the blend of physical and
  temperamental characteristics inherited by a
  child from the birth parents. Inherited
  characteristics may have ______________ or
  ______________ ______________ on a child.

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Meet the Children

• Kierra-
• Julie-
• Teddy-
• Tina-
• Vaughn-
• Jose-

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The Influence of Birth Order

• Facts on _______________________
• -________________ affects a child by determining
  how he sees himself.
• -Research shows that generalizations can be made
  as to the typical characteristics of placement.
• -_____________ children are more likely to go to
  college.
• -_____________ children seem to have the
  strongest feelings of neglect by parents, often
  feeling that they were squeezed out by other
  siblings.
• -____________ may be more pampered
  
• and creative.

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Only Child

• Feel __________ because adults are more capable.
• Be the center of ______________ often enjoys
  ______________ may feel special.
• Rely on service from others rather that own
  efforts.
• Feel unfairly treated when he doesnt get his own
  way. May _______________ to cooperate.
• Play divide conquer to get his own way.
• Have __________ peer relations as child but
  better relations as adult.
• Please others only when he wants to.
• Be ______________.

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First Child

• Be used to being ___________ of attention as the
  only child until another is born into family.
• Believe he must gain hold ________________ over
  other children.
• Respond to birth of 2nd child by feeling unloved
  _____________.
• Strive to keep or regain parents caregivers
  _____________ through conformity. If this failed,
  he may choose to misbehave.
• Develop competent, ______________ behavior or
  become very discouraged.
• Sometimes strive to ____________ help others
• accept responsibility.
  
  
  
• Strive, or feel pressured, to ___________.

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Second Child

• Never have parents _____________ attention.
  Always has sibling ahead whos more advanced.
• Act as if in a __________, trying to catch up or
  overtake first child. If first child is good,
  second may be labeled bad.
• Develops abilities first child doesnt _________.
  If first child successful, may feel uncertain of
  self abilities.
• Be _____________. Often doesnt like this
  position in family.
• Feels squeezed if third child is born. May
  ___________ other siblings.

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Third or Middle Children

• Have neither rights of oldest nor ____________ of
  youngest. May feel life is unfair.
• Feel _______________, left out, squeezed
• Feel he doesnt have a place in family
• Become _______________ and a problem child. May
  elevate himself by pushing down other siblings.
• Be _______________. May learn to deal with both
  oldest and youngest sibling.
• Feel less _____________ than the oldest child to
  meet parents expectations.

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Youngest Child

• Behave like an _______ child. May feel that
  everyone is bigger more capable.
• ___________ others to do things, make decisions,
  take responsibility.
• Feel smallest weakest. May not feel that they
  are taken _______________
• Become ____________ of the family in getting
  service his own way.
• Develop feelings of inferiority or becomes an
  ______________ overtake older siblings
• Remain the baby. If youngest of 3, often allies
  with the ___________ against ___________
• child.

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Key Point

• _______________ affects a child by determining
  how he _______ himself. Research shows that
  generalizations can be made as to the
  ____________ characteristics of placement.

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The Influence of Health Status

• A child in _______________ has a better
  opportunity to grow with fewer _____________
  challenges than an unhealthy child.
• Being ____________ generally happens when a child
  eats well, gets plenty of physical activity
  exercise, gets sufficient rest, has a healthy
  weight, practices oral hygiene, exhibits
  appropriate emotions, behavior responses to
  discipline, etc
• Growing health issue children _____________.
• What to do??

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Key Point

• ________________ is a critical influence on the
  growth and development of a child from the
  pre-natal period through each age and stage. A
  child in good health has a ___________
  opportunity to grow with ___________
  developmental challenges than an unhealthy child.

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The Influence of Dev Obstacles

• Developmental _______________ vary widely but all
  affect dev.
• Multiple _______________ may progress more slowly
  than a child with only one obstacle.
• Overcoming or reducing the effect of obstacle
  requires ________________ between child, parents
  and caregiver/teacher.
• _______________________ (federal law) including
  children with special needs, side by side, with
  their non-handicapped peers. This allows
  children to learn from each other.

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Identifying Children with Special Needs

• Refer to page 372
• Possible__________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________

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How would you address the special needs of each
of these 4-yr old children while you are teaching
them to correctly complete a 20 piece puzzle?

• 1. Child is physically challenged
• 2. Child is socially challenged
• Child is shy or emotionally challenged
• 4. Child is gifted
• 5. Child is mentally challenged

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Key Point

• _______________________ vary widely but all
  affect development. Prenatal problems, trauma
  during birth, accidents, illness, disease, a lack
  of parent and child interaction, or poor
  nutrition damages the ________ and/or the
  ________ and may disturb or delay normal
  development. Overcoming or reducing the effect of
  developmental obstacles requires ____________
  between the child, parents, and the childcare
  professional.

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Key Point

• Knowledge of developmental __________ and
  ___________ on a child is crucial in making your
  decisions as a childcare professional.

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Child Growth and Development

• Module 4 Developmental Characteristics, Part 1

77

• As a child care professional, you have the
  responsibility of choosing ____________
  ______________ that are both age ______________
  and challenging. You must have an understanding
  of
• -typical ___________ abilities of children at
  certain ________
• - what children should know be able to do from
  birth through ______________.

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Key Point

• A child care professional who is
  _________________ of the typical behaviors and
  abilities of children can __________ learning new
  skills and detect ___________.

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Age Ranges, Domains and Learning to Read the
Domain Charts

• Childrens development progresses in
  ______________.
• It is quite normal for there to be
  __________________ in the patterns and timing of
  growth and development rather than a smooth
  progression.
• __________________ is unevenchildren dont
  progress in all skills at the same time.
• A child grows and learns ____________________,
  not in pieces.
• Skills such as sitting up, grasping, or walking
  are examples of increasing ______________________.

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Domain Definitions

1. Physical Health
2. Motor Development
3. Social Emotional

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Domain Charts
Domain charts cover childrens ages, birth to 12
years old. Under each age column are the typical
growth, _____________ or skill expectancies
within each ____________________ at the given age
range.
Characteristic Birth to 8 months
Shows characteristics of appropriate health and development Sitting with support Rolling over back to front Teething
typical growth, behavior or skill expectancies
Remember, it is the _______________ of growth and
development, not the ________ that is the
important factor in evaluating a childs progress
summary statement common to the items in that row
These charts are guides - they should ___________
be used as a checklist.
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Key Point

• By knowing the typical growth, behavior or skill
  _____________ found in the domains and
  understanding the age ranges where these
  expectancies may occur prepares the child care
  professional to set up the ___________________,
  design the curriculum and learning strategies and
  assist parents in _______________ their
  childrens progress.

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Physical Health Domain

• Involves typical ________ ________,changes in
  weight height, general health safety,
  visual________,hearing understanding the roles
  of health care professionals.
• 1st year most rapid changes during lifetime ie
• ____________ control most of a newborn childs
  movements, while an eight-month old may already
  be pulling up on furniture and taking his first
  deliberate steps.
• The newborn does very little at first. Most of
  his movements are reflexive, that is, they occur
  _______________.
• Each infant is born with a set of reflexes that
  allows response to the _____________ even before
  he has had a chance to learn.
• Most of these reflexes begin to
  ___________
• after a few months.

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84

• Refer to the Physical Health Domain Chart in
  the Appendix, pp. 427-430

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Physical Health Domain

• To ensure the children in your care are healthy
  well nourished, it is important to
• ________________their eating patterns and bodily
  functions.
• Provide _______________ opportunities for them to
  be physically active.
• Encourage good hygiene __________________.
• _________________ and practice safety rules.
• _________________ hand-washing and tooth-brushing
  on a regular basis.
• _________________ children to exercise by
  jogging, walking, jumping, running and dancing.
• _________________ nutritious snacks and meals.
• _________________ with parents about regular
  medical care, immunizations, symptoms of illness

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Key Point

• The ______________ domain involves typical
  growth patterns, changes in weight and height,
  general health and safety, visual perception,
  hearing and understanding the roles of health
  care professionals. Some children are able to do
  _________ with their bodies at an earlier age
  than others. Children may have great variation in
  their _____________ between areas of physical
  development.

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Motor Development Domain

• Refers to a childs ability to _________
• _______________________________ ie, grasping,
  rolling over, hopping on one foot, etc.
• Instruction in ___________ of motor skills is
  effective only after the appropriate
  ______________ development has occurred.
• Refer to Motor Dev chart in appendix

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Key Point

• _____________ development refers to a
  childs _________ to move about and control
  various body parts. Motor skills are developed
  only after the ___________ physical development
  has occurred.

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Social Emotional Domain

• Broad area that focuses on how children ____
  about themselves
• their relationships with others their
  individual behaviors responses to play/work
  activities, ____________ to parents caregivers,
  relationships with siblings friends, and
  pro-social behavior.
• Encourage toddlers to try _____________ however,
  be sure to set limits when needed.
• Children _______________ that take into account
  their particular stage of development and
  capabilities.
• It is also during this time that you may first
  hear children use the word, ____! This can
  sometimes seem like a toddlers favorite word.
• A child who, previously, was very easy and
  adaptable, may now run from you when you try to
  dress him or refuse to pick up his toys when
  asked. Dont assume that the child is trying to
  annoy you.
• This is all a _____________
  part of the childs
• attempts to become
  independent.
• A toddlers job is to __________ because
  he can.

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90

• Children are not born knowing how to form
  ___________, nor do they come into this world
  understanding the rules their society has
  established. They learn by ______________________
  __.
• Modeling appropriate ____________ behaviors is a
  very important tool for teaching children how to
  get __________ with others. (a good indicator of
  a childs __________________________).
• Pro-social behavior in adults children
  represents the most _____________
• attributes of society. (acts of
  kindness)

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Pro-Social Behavior

• People once believed that if we were taught to
  think about the needs of others, corresponding
  ___________________ would follow. Unfortunately
  this is not true.
• Implications of the social emotional domain of
  the child care professional
• ___________________ feelings of attachment and
  help the infant build a close, trusting
  relationship with his/her caregiver.
• ___________________ separations.
• ___________________ independence and sense of
  self.

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Key Point

• Social ____________ development is a broad
  area that focuses on how children feel about
  _____________ and their relationships with
  others. It refers to childrens individual
  _____________ and responses to play and work
  activities, attachments to parents and
  caregivers, relationships with siblings and
  friends and _______________ behaviors.

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Importance of Routines

• A routine is
• Through routines, children develop
• A sense of ____________ and self-esteem (My
  needs will be met. I am worthy of this persons
  attention.)
• A sense of time and ____________ (Toys go here.
  This is when we have a snack.)
• Feelings of _________________ and competence (I
  can do this by myself.)
• Cognitive and ______________ skills (Pants go on
  before shoes. I can ask for something I want.)

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Importance of Routines

• Routines for older infants and toddlers should
  take into account the childs efforts to become
  ___________________.
• Toddlers are quickly learning to do things for
  themselves such as, ____________________,
  _____________________, and _____________________.
• Try to let them do as many things as they can by
  ____________.
• Toddlers can be quite cooperative one minute and
  running from you the next. As a result, routines
  should be carried out in a way that is open and
  _______________, yet there is a _______________
  sequence to the routine.
• In any routine, making a smooth _______________
  from one activity to the next can help minimize
  the stress.
• Let children know what will be happening next
  with statements such as, In a few minutes, we
  are going to stop, and Im going to change
  your diaper. This helps children feel safe and
  secure.

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Key Point

• A routine is a _________ sequence of steps or
  _______________ that are performed to complete a
  task. A routine is based on the childrens
  ____________ level and skills and helps them feel
  secure and comfortable by letting them know what
  to ____________.

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Child Growth and Development

• Module 5 Developmental Characteristics, Part 2

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Birth to School AgeGrowth Development

• Young children are developing in all the domains
  ______________
• Each domain is equally __________ to the growth
  and development of a child
• Not only are the developmental domains equally
  important, but they are also __________
• Rapid physical growth leads to increased and more
  refined ______ development
• The ________ health domain is interconnected with
  the _____ development
• The social emotional domain is linked to the
  development of the _________

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Domain Definitions

• 4. ______________________ refers to a childs
  eagerness to learn. It includes curiosity,
  persistence, creative problem solving and the
  ability to create and complete long-term
  projects.
• 5. _______________________ refers to the childs
  ability to communicate with others. It involves a
  childs ability to see, hear, speak, read and
  write and construct an understanding of things
  around them.
• 6. ___________________________________ refers to
  the childs intellectual or mental abilities. It
  involves exploration, discovery, concept and
  memory formation, problem solving and creative
  expression. It includes knowledge of mathematics,
  scientific thinking, awareness of social studies
  and the arts.

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Key Point

• The time in a childs life from birth until he
  enters school is a time of remarkable _______.
  Young children are developing in all the domains
  ____________. Each domain is equally important to
  the growth and development of a child. It is
  essential that the child care environment sustain
  a childs _________ and creativity, evolving
  language and communication skills, and growing
  knowledge about the world.

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100
Approaches to Learning
Refers to a childs __________ to learn. Includes
curiosity, ___________, problem solving and the
ability to create and complete long-term
projects. As a child care professional, you must
_________ and _________ these habits in your
classroom.
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101
Approaches to Learning

• Young children are most likely to strengthen
  their natural interest in learning by ___________
  with the adults in their lives. As we assist
  children in the learning process, we should
  encourage them to make sense of their
  environment. They need to
• Observe and investigate (__________ and
  _________)
• Record and represent (persistence)
• Explain and draw conclusions (__________ and
  _____________)

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102
Approaches to Learning

• Approaches to learning requires child care
  professionals to be alert to _____________ to
  seize the moment when observing children
  demonstrating persistence, intellectual curiosity
  and creativity.
• The habits and attitudes in this domain are not
  learned only through formal instructions but are
  __________ in children by being around people who
  exhibit them.
• As the child care professional, you need to
  acknowledge a child when you see her completing a
  task or being __________ in continuing to work at
  solving a problem.
• You can help support eagerness and curiosity,
  persistence, problem solving and creativity with
  effective ________ by adults and praise
  given to children when they exhibit use of
  these habits and attitudes.

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103

• Refer to Developing Questions That Help Children
  Think on page 396 of your DCF Manual.

104
Key Point

• The Approaches to Learning Domain involves a
  childs _________ to learn. It includes
  curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving
  and the ability to create and complete long-term
  projects.

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105
Language Communication

• Young infants are able to see at a distance of
  approximately _____ inches. Objects held at this
  distance are most clear. Since this is the
  distance you typically hold or feed a young
  infant, your face is one of the objects that an
  infant will see.
• Young babies like looking at the _____ face and
  find it very interesting.
• Babies are born with the ability to hear. This
  ability begins to develop in the ____.
• Long before a baby is born, he is hearing sounds
  such as his mothers voice and his mothers
  _________.

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106
Language Communication

• Before babies utter their first word, they are
  preparing for ________ in many ways.
• It should be noted that hearing matures to
  _________. Infants hear sound in their
  environment. As they grow, they begin to listen.
  They begin to attach meaning to words and other
  sounds.
• The same process occurs with _______. Infants see
  objects in their environment. As they mature,
  they construct an understanding of the things
  around them that they see so that their vision
  becomes a window to understanding the world.

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Key Point

• An infant begins a _____ process of developing
  language and communications skills before birth.
  Hearing _______ to listening. The same
  process occurs with seeing. They attach meaning
  to words and other sounds and to what they see in
  the environment.

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108

• __________ development occurs in gradual steps
  as the child ages

109
Key Point

• ______ is the first way that an infant has of
  communicating. Around 2 months infants begin to
  make vowel-like noises, called ______. Consonants
  are added at around 6 months when ________
  begins. Young toddlers will use Mama and Dada
  with meaning by about 11 months. Around 12 to 24
  months, most babies begin to use _____. The
  progression of skills related to speaking is very
  rapid once children reach the age of 3 years old.

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110
Reading

• It is never too early to start _______ to
  children.
• Studies show that the more children ______ the
  better readers and writers they become.
• When children become good ________ in the early
  grades, they are more likely to become better
  learners throughout their school years and
  beyond.
• Daily reading is _________!
• __________ is also important.

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111
Key Point

• It is never _________ to start reading to
  children. It is critical that child care
  professionals and the learning environment
  nurture the emergent literacy of infants,
  toddlers, and preschoolers. Studies show that the
  ____ children read, the _______ readers and
  writers they become. Daily reading is essential!

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112

• Reading and writing skills develop in children at
  the same time. Development
• Writing

112
113
Key Point

• Daily ________ in the skills of writing is
  essential for children to develop their writing
  ability. _____ day, time must be devoted for
  children to practice writing at their
  level-scribbling, making letter-like shapes,
  writing letters and connecting them into words
  and connecting words into meaningful sentences
  and, eventually, paragraphs, stories and other
  writings.

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114
Language Communication Domain

• It is important to
• _____ a joy of reading and writing with the
  children.
• ______ a high quality library of books for Read
  Aloud and individual reading.
• _________ the parents to read aloud to their
  children and have books available in the home.
• Create a __________ environment with art, books
  related to lessons, vocabulary strips and signs,
  maps and posted alphabet signs.
• Use the ________ with children to find stories,
  learning activities and games that can become
  part of daily lessons.

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115
Language Communication Domain

• Remember the cardinal rules of Read Alouds
• _______ the material.
• Practice reading with plenty of __________.
• The younger the child, the ________ the book.
• Choose books with ________ that will interest
  children.
• Stories and poems that ______ appeal to
  children.

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Key Point

• The Language Communication Domain involves a
  childs ability to __________ with others. It
  involves a childs ability to see, hear, speak,
  read and write and construct an understanding of
  things around them.

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117
Cognitive Development General Knowledge Domain

• Refers to the childs _________ or _______
  abilities. Involves exploration, discovery,
  concept memory formation, problem solving,
  creative expression, etc.

118
Cognitive Development General Knowledge Domain

• Use ____ and _______ vocabulary words when
  appropriate.
• Look for read aloud books that reinforce math,
  science, social studies and art and music.
• Use positional vocabulary and refer to maps and
  location charts.
• Organize an ___ and _____ learning center or
  station with appropriate supplies and tools.
• Involve childrens creativity in and connect
  their creative experiences to concepts there are
  exploring.
• Provide children with classroom activities,
  materials and discussions that address the wide
  range of _________.
• Teach children about _____ and have appropriate
  rules
• for childrens safety and learning.

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119
Key Point

• The _________ Development General Knowledge
  Domain involves the childs intellectual or
  mental abilities. It includes exploration,
  discovery, concept and memory formation, problem
  solving and ________ expression. It includes
  knowledge of mathematics, scientific thinking,
  awareness of social studies, and the arts.

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120
Weekly Block Plan Chart
120
121
Weekly Block Plan Chart
121
122
Key Point

• Child care professionals need to ____ a variety
  of activities and materials for each day. Use a
  planning tool like the Weekly Block Plan chart to
  insure that learning is central to the activities
  experienced by the children.

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123
Child Growth and Development

• Module 6 Developmentally Appropriate Practices

123
124
Developmentally Appropriate Practices

• Child care professionals who use Developmentally
  Appropriate Practices make decisions about the
  education and the well being of children based on
  three important sources
• What you know about how children _______ and
  _____.
• What you know about the strengths, _____, and
  interests of individual children.
• What you know about the ______ and cultural
  contexts in which their children live.

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Developmentally Appropriate Practices

• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are ____
  ____________.
• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are
  _____________________.
• Developmentally Appropriate Practices are
  ________ and __________ appropriate.

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126
Developmentally Appropriate Practices
Elements needed for creating developmentally
appropriate programs
126
127
Selecting Appropriate Activities for Age Groups

• Refer to page 412 in your DCF Manual. Write your
  answers on the next slide.

128
Developmentally Appropriate Practices
128
129
Key Point

• _______________ Appropriate Practices (DAP) are
  age appropriate, individually appropriate, and
  socially and culturally appropriate. DAP are
  valuable general guidelines to ________
  childrens learning.

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DAP for Children with Special Needs and