Fish Nutrition

1

• Fish Nutrition
• Ibrahim E. H. Belal
• Chairman of Arid Land Agriculture Department,
• College of Food and Agriculture,
• U.A.E. University,
• Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17555, U.A.E.
• E-mail ibelal_at_uaeu.ac.ae

2
Fish Nutrition
Fish Feed
Fish Feed
3
Nutrition affects growth, health and
product quality while accounting for gt 50 of
variable operating costs
4
Nutrient Requirements

• Energy requirements are lower for fish.
• Fish require some lipids such as omega-3s that
  warm-blooded animals do not.
• Fish can absorb some minerals from water.
• Most fish cant synthesize ascorbic acid.

5
Types of GI Tract

• Herbivores
• small stomachs and long intestine
• tilapia
• carp (stomach is 3X body length)
• Omnivores
• moderate size stomach and intestine
• catfish
• Carnivores
• large stomach and short intestine
• trout
• striped bass

6
Digestive Secretions

• Histamine or cerulein are secreted in stomach
  instead of gastrin
• Chitinase activity has been found in some fish.

7
Why Lower Energy Requirement?

• Dont have to maintain body temperature (HI m)
• Less energy to maintain position
• Lose less energy in protein catabolism and
  excretion of nitrogen.

8
Carbohydrates

• Fish have poor control over glucose levels.
• Following glucose ingestion, blood glucose levels
  rise rapidly, but may take hours to decrease.
• Turnover of glucose in trout is 10X slower than
  in rats.

9
Feed Formulation

• Cost of ingredients
• Nutrient content of ingredients
• Nutrient requirements
• Nutrient availability
• Min.-Max. restrictions of ingredients

10
Fish Diet

• Menhaden fishmeal 8.0
• Soybean meal (48 P) 48.2
• Corn (ground) 29.2
• Rice bran or wheat 10.0
• Dicalcium phosphate 1.0
• Organic binder 1.5
• Fat (sprayed) 0.05
• Trace minerals 0.05
• Vitamin mix 0.05
• Ascorbic acid 0.038

11
United Arab Emirates and Food Security

• Dates and date by products could play a role in
  food security by replacing corn in fish diet
• Halophyte plant seeds (like salicornia seeds)
  could replace part of proteins in fish diet

12
UAE potential feed ingredients

• Old date flesh could replace 30 of the fish diet
• Date pits could replace 15 of the fish diets
• Degraded date pits could replace 20 of fish diet
• Salicornea meal could replace 40 of the fish diet

13
Production and evaluation of fungi degraded date
pits as a dietary feed ingredient for Oreochromis
niloticus L.

• Ibrahim E. H. Belal
• Chairman of Arid Land Agriculture Department,
• College of Food and Agriculture,
• U.A.E. University,
• Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17555, U.A.E.
• E-mail ibelal_at_uaeu.ac.ae

14
Dates and Date pits
15
Date pits

• Date pits is about 6-12 of the whole date fruits
• They contain 7-10 moisture, 5-6 crude protein,
  
• 9-13 crude fat, 1- 2 ash, 65-70, 2-2.2 total
  sugar
• Their fiber content are
• 22-23 crude fiber (total cellulose)
• 46-51 ADF (total content of cellulose, lignin)
• 65-70 NDF( total cellulose, lignin and
  hemicelluloses)
• Most of their fibers are lignocellulose and
  glactomannan

16
(No Transcript)
17
Trichoderma reesei (soft-rot fungus)

• Most widely studied cellulolytic fungus (Foreman
  et al. 2003 and Ilmén et al. 1997).
• Approved as save ingredients for Animal (fish)
  feed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA,
  1993).
• Efficient in producing large amounts of different
  cellulases-degrading enzymes (Saloheimo et al.
  2002 and Nakari-Setälä et al 1995). T
• Known to produce two exoglucanases
  (cellobiohydrolases, CBHs, EC 3.2.1.91) Cel6A
  (CBHII) and Cel7A (CBHI), five endoglucanases
  (EGs, EC 3.2.1.4) Cel5A (EGII), Cel7B (EGI),
  Cel12A (EGIII), Cel45A (EGV) and Cel61A (EGIV),
  as well as two ß-glucosidases (BGLs, EC 3.2.1.21)
  Cel1A (BGLII) and Cel3A (BGLI) for cellulose
  degradation (Saloheimo et al. 2002).

18
Trichderma reesei
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Scanning electron micrograph of typical
transversal section of date pits before and
after degradation with Trichderma reesei
22
Scanning electron micrograph of typical
longitudinal section of date pits before and
after degradation with Trichderma reesei
23
Scanning electron micrograph of longitudinal
section of date pits showing that tubes are
getting loose and separated from each other due
to degredation
24
Analysis of date pits on dry weight basis
.
25
Composition of the test diets (g/100 g dry matter)

26
Proximate analysis () of the test diets
27
Growth, feed utilization and feed conversion
values for Oreochromis niloticus fed test diets
with graded levels (060) of DDP.
28
conclusion

• T. reesei may have improved the nutritional
  quality of date pits by degrading fibers and
  liberation of trapped nutrients within fibers.
• It is recommended to use DDP up to 300 g kg-1 in
  tilapia feed to obtain a more economical feed and
  higher growth performance diet.

29
Thank you for your kind attention