Forest Management

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Forest Management

• Diseases and Pests
• that effect a good harvest stand

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What is a Disease?

• Definition
• disorder that is caused by something specific
  with consistant symptoms.

• Types of Diseases
• Abiotic
• nonliving agent cause
• Biotic
• living agent causes
• fungus, bacteria, parasite, virus, nematodes

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Fungus

• Most destructive in forests
• Threadlike plants that do not make their own
  food.
• Parasitic- when taking food from a living tree
• Saprophytic- when taking food from dead trees to
  aid in humus production.

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Biotic Diseases of Trees
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Wood Rots

• Cause
• Fungus decay in trees
• Break down cellulose and lignin in cell walls
• Very harmful because they are hard to detect from
  the outside of a living tree.

• 2 Types
• White Rot- break down of cellulose and lignin in
  the cell walls.
• Brown Rot- only break down cellulose
• 70 of all timber lost

6
Biotic Disease continued...

• Symptoms
• Conk- specialized growth on outside containing
  fungal spores spread when opened.
• Look like mushrooms growing on the sides of the
  trunk

• Prevention
• Prevent scaring of trees
• Rotate harvest age
• Harvest more frequently in mixed age forests
• Using these methods doesnt give fungus the
  chance to grow.

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Canker

• Cause
• fungus entering through wounds in the bark
• cause lesions that produce callus tissue and
  damage the woody tissue of the tree, making it
  less valuable

• Symptoms
• weak trees
• decay for no apparent reason
• lesions may be present

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Canker

• Treatment
• Eliminate infected trees from the stand
• Prevention
• avoid scaring trees
• discard infected trees

Fungus
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Rust

• White Pine Blister
• fungus disease that contain different spores
  effects trees, currents, and gooseberries.
• White Pine and Oak is very susceptible

• Fusiform
• fungal disease that affects Southern Pine and
  some Oak.

10
Rust continued...

• Treatment/Prevention
• fungicidal treatments
• plant resistant varieties
• rid host plants
• All fungi that causes rust spends its live on
  two different unrelated host plants

• Symptoms
• spotted red or brown discoloration of stems
  and/or leaves
• may infest in cones, needles, and stems of
  conifers
• infest only leaves of certain hardwoods

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Wilt

• Cause
• fungus invades and grows in the vessles of the
  xylem tissue.
• Why is this harmful?
• EX) Dutch Elm Disease is a form of wilt.

• Treatment/Prevention
• Eliminate insects as they spread disease
• discard infected trees
• be award of root graft
• tree roots grow together underground

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Notice that the oak trees affected by wilt
will drop their leaves in the middle of summer.
All three trees in picture show signs of wilt
13
Sunscald

• Cause
• direct sunlight for extended amount of time
• freezing temps followed by a few days of hot sun
  in late winter/early spring

• Symptoms
• bark damage
• color change
• Prevention/Treatment
• None
• weather related

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Insects
Moth

• Types of Damage
• Bark Borers
• Defoliators
• Root Feeders
• Terminal Feeders
• Sucking Insects

spittlebug
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Bark Borers

• Bore tunnels into bark and woody parts
• Female lays eggs in tunnels
• Larvae feed on xylem and phloem tissues
• Why is this a big deal?

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Defoliators

• Insects feed off leaves and needles
• Few insects can completely remove foliage from
  tree in a single season
• How does this affect the tree?
• Birch, Maple (both black and sugar)

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Root Feeders

• Destroy the rooting tissue when tender and
  prevent growth.
• Insects include wireworms, grubs, weevil
• Why is this a concern?

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Terminal Feeders

• Insects that feed on terminal leaders
• terminal leaders determine which way a branch
  will grow
• Cause deformities in branches and quality of
  trunk is reduced.
• Insects include Pine moth and weevil

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Sucking Insects

• Insects equipped with mouthparts that imbed into
  the leaves and suck out all the chlorophyll and
  produce honeydew.
• Why is this bad??
• Insects include Aphids, mites, leafhoppers,
  lice, scales, cicadas, spittlebugs
• Affects all trees

Aphid
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Air Pollution

• Abiotic disease caused by Sulfur and Nitrogen
  compounds given off by exhaust fumes and
  factories
• Damage occurs in leaves and effects
  photosynthesis

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How can we control these problems?

• Mechanical/Biological Control
• remove dead, decayed trees
• invite birds into territory
• introduced predator insects ex)ladybug, ants
• Chemical Control
• insecticides, fungicides
• must be careful when applying

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Integrated Pest Management

• IPM makes use of all methods in a safe way
• depends on the use of natural insects first then
  adds other defense mechanisms
• Encourages genetically engineered resistant crops
  to be planted