Babesiosis

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Babesiosis

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Brief Introduction of Babesiosis

• Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease
  caused by infection with Babesia(Tick-borne), it
  is also called Tick fever,Red water,Texas
  fever,etc.one of the Piroplasmosis.
• Babesia are thought to be the second most common
  blood parasites of mammals(most commom in cattle
  and horse) and they can have a major impact on
  health of domestic animals in areas without
  severe winters.
• Human babesiosis is uncommon, but reported cases
  have risen recently because of expanded medical
  awareness.

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Babesia spp. in cattle

• Babesia bigemina
• B. bovis
• B. ovata
• B. orientalis

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Morphology

• B. bigemina(Giemsa stain)

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B. bovis
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Comparison of four Babesia sp.
B. bigemina B. bovis B. ovata B. orientalis
Size 4.52.0µm - 2.01.5µm 3.571.71µm
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Number in the RC. 1-2,seldom 3 1-3 1-2, or 4
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Life cycle

• Both Babesia species are single cell organisms
  that develop in the erythrocytes of cattle and
  are transmitted by tick . The life cycle includes
  four steps as follows
• Binary fission of trophozoites occurs in the
  erythrocytes of the bovine host
• Trophozoites ingested by female ticks undergo
  growth and multiplication in the epithelial cells
  of the gut ,
• producing vermiculate bodies that enter the cells
  of the Malpighian tubules and repeat fission
• then enter and accumulate in developing eggs.

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• ?Vermicules in the yolk migrate to the gut
  epithelium of the larval ticks , grow ,undergo
  multifission , and are released into the
  hemolymph
• ?The vermicules invade the salivary glands of
  newly formed nymphal ticks , grow and divide by
  multifission to from vermiculate progeny that are
  injected into the vertebrate host by feeding
  nymphs and subsequent developmental stages of the
  ticks.

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Epidemiology

• Babesiosis was prevalent in many countries of the
  world, and their occurrence and prevalence are
  closely related to activities of the tick.
• Seasonality
• Endemicity
• Natural nidus

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Babesiosis of cattle are various from different
age and strain. Here are the differences between
younger cattle and adult cattle.
Younger cattle Adult cattle
Morbidity high low
Symptom light obvious
Mortality low high
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B. bigemina and B. bovis

• Prevalent province Gansu,Henan,Shanxi,Zhejiang,Ji
  angsu, Xizang,Yunan,Guizhou,Hubei,Hunan,
  Jiangxi,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Anhui,Shandong,Li
  aoning
• VectorBoophilus microplus
• Transmissiontransovarian transmission
• B. bigemina is transmitted by next nymph and
  adult, B. bovis is transmitted by next larva.

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B. Orientalis and B. ovata

• B. Orientalis
• Prevalent province Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,Jiangsu,
  Anhui,etc.
• VectorRhipicephalus haemaphysaloides
• Transovarian transmittion
• B. orientalis is transmitted by next adult.
• B. ovata
• VectorHaemaphysalis longicornis
• Transovarian transmittion
• Transmitted by next larva,nymph and adult.

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Pathogenesis

• The parasites develop in erythrocyte?bacause of
  mechanical injury and nutrition loss ? plenty of
  erythrocyte are damaged ? cause hemolytic anaemia
  ? pale mucosa and jaundice

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• decrease of erythrocyte and hemoglobin?lack of
  oxygen ?oxidation-reduction reaction is
  destroyed?dysbolism and acid-base
  imbalance?denaturation of cells, and even
  necrosis, resulting in tissue edema and
  extravasated blood

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• accumulation of toxin and metabolites ?act on
  central nervous system and  antagonistic system
  ?temperature adjustment function disabled and
  disorder of antagonistic function ?cause ardent
  fever and coma

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Symptoms

• Incubation period10-15 d
• fever, 40-42?,depression,decreased eppetite,
  pulse and respiratory accelerating, light
  diarrhea, rumination delayed or stopped.
• emaciation
• pale mucosa
• jaundice
• haemoglobinuria
• lactation decrease or stop
• abortion.

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Lesions

• hemolytic anemia(?????)
• pale mucosa.
• yellowing of the visible mucusa (icterus)
• hemoglobinuria
• Hepatomegalia
• splenomegaly

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Diagnosis

• 1?stained blood smear
• 2?serological examination(includingIHA?ELISA)
• 3?post mortem examination
• 4?gene diagnosis(for example PCR)

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Treatment and Prevention

• Treatment
• 1.diminazene
• 2.acriflavine
• 3.imidocarb
• 4.quinuronium sulfate

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• Prevention
• 1.killing ticks
• 2.medication prevention
• 3.vaccination

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End
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