Characteristics of Living Things

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Characteristics of Living Things

• Living things are made of cells.
• Living things reproduce
• Living things are based on genetic code
• Living things grow and develop
• Living things obtain and use energy
• Living things respond to the environment
• Living things maintain a stable internal
  environment
• Living things change over time

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Todays Modern Kingdoms

• Prokaryotes- simple cells
• Eubacteria- normal bacteria found everywhere
• Archaebacteria- unusual bacteria found in hot
  springs, brine pools and mud

• Eukaryotes- complex cells with nucleii
• Fungus- mold, mushrooms, etc. decomposers
• Protists- microscopic left over group
• Plants- make food
• Animals- consumers of food

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BacteriaHow is the world we live in impacted by
things that you cant see?
Health Social Education
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Bacteria

• Bacteria are living things that are neither
  plants nor animals.
• Two Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotes all bacteria. have no nucleus or
  complex organelles

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Salmonella typhimurium (invading human cells)
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E. coli
E. coli
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Typical Eubacterial Cell

• Bacteria (prokaryotes) are simpler than
  eukaryotes
• Cell wall
• Protects from injury
• Determines shape
• Made of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate molecules
  linked by proteins)

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Shapes of Bacteria

• Spiral-shaped?Spirilla
• Sphere-shaped?Cocci
• Rod-shaped?Bacilli

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Where???

• Eubacteria live almost everywhere
• Fresh water
• Salt water
• Land
• On within your body!

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Archaebacteria

• Chemically different from eubacteria
• Lack peptidoglycan cell walls
• DNA sequences differ from eubacteria
• Extremophiles
• Can live in extremely harsh environments
• Acidic pH, temperature, saline, anaerobic(no
  oxygen)

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Yellowstone Geyser
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Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria

• Live in extreme environments
• Chemically different
• Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)

• Live in non-extreme environments
• Chemically different
• Cell wall contains peptidoglycan (carbohydrate)

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Name the shape!
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Bacteria Reproduction

• Binary Fission
• 1.Doubles in size
• 2.Doubles DNA
• 3.Splits into two
• Conjugation
• 1.Bridge forms between two cells
• 2.Genes move from one cell to another
• Spore Formation
• 1.Thick wall within bacteria forms to protect its
  DNA
• 2.Cell is now a spore, and goes into hibernation
  until more favorable conditions return

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Growth Rates

• Given good growing conditions, a bacteria can
  grow and divide at astonishing rates.
• If the environment is optimal, bacteria cells can
  divide as often as every twenty minutes.

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Disease Caused by Bacteria

• Pathogens-disease causing agents
• Two ways bacteria cause disease
• 1. Digesting cells
• 2. Produce toxins

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Preventing Bacterial Disease

• Antibiotics block the growth and reproduction of
  bacteria(not viruses)
• Vaccines weakened pathogens injected into body
  to produce resistance

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Methods used to control bacterial growth

1. Sterilization by heat-great heat
2. Disinfectants-chemical solutions that kill
   pathogenic bacteria
3. Food storage and processing-refrigeration,
   canning, preservatives
4. Dehydrate food

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Importance of Bacteria

• Decomposers
• Recycle nutrients from dead organisms back into
  the ecosystem
• Ex A tree dies bacteria attack and digest dead
  tissue, break it down into simpler material and
  return it to the soil.

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Human Uses of Bacteria

• Production of foods and beverages
• Oil spill clean up
• Removal of waste and poison from water
• Mining of minerals

• making essential vitamins in body
• Production of medicines and chemicals

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Where is good bacteria found?

1. Digestive tract
2. Skin
3. Mouth
4. Urinary tract
5. Genital areas