Burns and Skin Pathology

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BurnsandSkin Pathology
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Burns

• 1st Degree Burn
• Reddening and swelling of skin
• Only upper layers of epidermis are damaged
• Caused by
• Sun exposure
• Chemicals
• Steam

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Burns

• 2nd Degree Burn
• Blisters, swelling, fluid buildup under skin
• Stratum Basale and Dermis damaged
• Caused by same factors except longer duration

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Burns

• 3rd Degree Burn
• Entire epidermis is charred or lost
• Dermis and Subcutaneous layer are damaged
• Requires Skin Grafting
• Transplant of new skin

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Assessment of Burns

• The Rule of 9s

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Skin Grafting

• A transplant of skin covering area of burn
• A dermatome slices an area of good skin
• The epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis
  is cut
• The graft is meshed to
• Allow for drainage of fluid
• Cover a larger area
• Allow graft to reach all the corners of the cut

Skin grafting procedure
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Three Types of Disorders

• Degenerative
• Progressive deterioration of tissue
• Genetic
• Mutations that diminish skin function and
  structure
• Infectious disease
• Microorganisms damage tissues and organs

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Uncontrolled growths or lesions that arise in the
  skins basal cells
• Often look like open sores, red patches, pink
  growths, shiny bumps, or scars
• Caused by a combination of cumulative UV exposure
  and intense, occasional UV exposure

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Second most common form of skin cancer
• Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising in
  the squamous cells, which compose most of the
  skins upper layers (the epidermis)
• Often look like scaly red patches, open sores,
  elevated growths with a central depression, or
  warts they may crust or bleed
• Caused by cumulative UV exposure over the course
  of a lifetime.

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Malignant Melanoma

• Uncontrolled growth of pigment cells called
  melanocytes
• The most dangerous form of skin cancer
• Originate in the pigment-producing melanocytes in
  the basal layer of the epidermis
• Often resemble moles some develop from moles

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Prevention

• Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM
• Do not burn
• Avoid tanning and UV tanning booths
• Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed
  hat and UV
• blocking sunglasses
• Use a broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an
  SPF of 15 or higher daily. For extended outdoor
  activity, use a water-resistant, broad spectrum
  (UVA/UVB)sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher
• Re-apply every two hours or immediately after
  swimming or excessive sweating
• Keep newborns out of the sun. Sunscreens should
  be used on babies over the age of six months
• Examine your skin head-to-toe every month
• See your physician every year for a professional
  skin exam.

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Decubitus Ulcer

• An area of skin and tissue that becomes injured
  or broken down
• Also known as a bed sore or pressure ulcer
• De- down
• Cubit/o to lie
• Literal meaning pertaining to lying down

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Decubitus Ulcer
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Decubitus Ulcer with Autograft
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Decubitus Ulcers
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Sebaceous HyperplasiaHyperplasia Abnormal
multiplication of cells

• Sebaceous Glands become enlarged
• Glands form small yellow bumps

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Syringomas

• Tumors in the ducts of sweat glands
• Mostly found clustered on eyelids
• Yellowish firm rounded bumps

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Degenerative Skin Disorders

• Moles
• Flat squamous-cell tumors
• Heavily pigmented with melanocytes
• Genetic origin

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Genetic DisordersPsoriasis

• 1) Stem cells in the stratum basale are over
  active
• 2) This causes Hyperkeratosis
• The excessive production of keratin
• Protein that strengthens skin
• 3)Causes toughening of skin causing a scaly
  surface

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Vitiligo
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Vitiligo

• White spots caused by hypopigmentation
• Localized decrease in melanin production
• Immune system attacks destroy melanocytes in the
  skin
• Albinism
• This occurs due to lack of
  pigment NOT the destruction
  of existing pigment

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Infectious Skin Disorders

• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)?
• The most common bacteria causing infections

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Impetigo

• Pustules form on skin, dry, and become yellow
  crusts
• Skin pigment may not reappear

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Ringworm

• Red to brown raised patch of skin
• Usually lighter in the center A ring shape
• Type of fungus
• Thrives in warm moist areas
• Feeds on keratin
• Therefore only found on the outer dead skin layer

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Furuncle (A Boil)?NOT a PIMPLE

• Inflammation of hair follicles due to bacterial
  infection
• Red pus-filled lumps
• Pus protein rich fluid dead cells
• A Pimple is a blockage of oil in the skin pore