In-text Citations

1
In-text Citations

• Also called
• Parenthetical Documentation

2
Basic Directions

• You must not only list your sources on the Works
  Cited page, but you must indicate what
  information was derived from each source.
• The most practical way is to give the author and
  page number or whatever information is at the
  bottom of each notecard.

3

• Place a citation as close to the quoted or
  paraphrased material as possible without
  disrupting the sentence.
• When material from one source and the same page
  numbers is used throughout a paragraph, use one
  citation at the end of the paragraph rather than
  a citation at the end of each sentence.
• Parenthetical citations usually appear after the
  final quotation mark and before the period. An
  exception occurs, however, in quotes of four or
  more lines since these quotes are presented as
  block quotes that is, they are indented and use
  no quotation marks. In such cases, the
  parenthetical citation goes after the period, as
  the following example shows

4
Ways to cite text

• You may put the authors name in the body of your
  text and just put page number in parentheses at
  the end of the sentence. Ex Wordsworth stated
  that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous
  overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
• You may put the author and page in parentheses at
  the end of the sentence. Ex Romantic poetry is
  characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of
  powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

5

• You may paraphrase what the author said, citing
  his name in your text. Ex Wordsworth extensively
  explored the role of emotion in the creative
  process (263).

6
Book with One Author

• You must use what is listed first on source card
• Human beings have been described as "symbol-using
  animals" (Burke 3).
• Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke
  as "symbol-using animals" (3).
• Source card information
• Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic
  Action Essays on Life, Literature, and
  Method. Berkeley U of California P, 1966.
  Print.

7
Book with Two Authors

• Certain literacy theorists have gone so far as to
  declare that "the most significant elements of
  human culture are undoubtedly channeled through
  words, and reside in the particular range of
  meanings and attitudes which members of any
  society attach to their verbal symbols" (Goody
  and Watt 323).
• Goody and Watt claim that Certain literacy
  theorists have gone so far as to declare that
  "the most significant elements of human culture
  are undoubtedly channeled through words, and
  reside in the particular range of meanings and
  attitudes which members of any society attach to
  their verbal symbols" (323).

8
Book with Three Authors

• Medieval Europe was a place both of raids,
  pillages, slavery, and extortion and of
  traveling merchants, monetary exchange, towns if
  not cities, and active markets in grain (Rabkin,
  Greenberg, and Olander 10).

9
Book with more than three authors

• Cogdill et al. argue that "making backchannel
  overtly available for study would require making
  its presence and content visible and its content
  persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel
  and raising social and ethical issues" (109).
• They claim that "making backchannel overtly
  available for study would require making its
  presence and content visible and its content
  persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel
  and raising social and ethical issues" ( Cogdill
  et al.109).

10
Citation for Quote over 4 Lines

• Bolles argues that the most effective job hunting
  method is what he calls the creative job hunting
  approach
• figuring out your best skills, and favorite
  knowledge, and then researching any employer that
  interests you before approaching that
  organization and arranging, to see the person
  there who has the power to hire you for the
  position you are interested in. This method,
  faithfully followed, leads to a job for 86 out of
  every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)

11
Source with No Known Author

• Several critics of the concept of the transparent
  society ask if a large society would be able to
  handle the complete loss of privacy
  ("Surveillance Society" 115).

12
Website with No Page Numbers

• Abraham Lincoln's birthplace was designated as a
  National Historical Site in 1959 (National Park
  Service). 

13
Someone Else Quoted in your Source

• As Erickson reminds us, the early psychoanalysts
  focused on a single objective "introspective
  honesty in the service of self enlightenment"
  (qtd. in Weiland 42).

14
Two Sources by Same Author

• Hypertextuality makes text borderless as it
  "redefines not only beginning and endings of the
  text but also its bordersits sides, as it were"
  (Landow, Hypertext 79).

15
Corporate Author

• If the corporate author's name is long, it should
  be included in the text rather than the
  parentheses
• According to the Centre for Development and
  Population Activities, interest in gender roles
  and responsibilities over the past decade has
  been "driven by the realization that women often
  do not benefit from development activities and in
  some cases become even poorer and more
  marginalized" (3).

16
Citing Volume and Page Number of Multivolume Work

• The anthology by Lautner and his coeditors
  contains both Stowes Sojouner Truth, and the
  Libyan Sibyl (1 2424-33) and Gilmans the
  yellow Wall-Paper (2 800-12).
• Between the years 1945 and 1972, the
  political-party system in the United States
  underwent profound changes (Schlesinger 4629).

17

• When material from one source and the same page
  numbers is used throughout a paragraph, use one
  citation at the end of the paragraph rather than
  a citation at the end of each sentence.

18
Two Sources Cited

• (Burns 23 Sandford 56).

19
Works Cited

• Duke Universisty library at http//library.duke.ed
  u/research/citing/within/mla.html Dec. 7 2009
• LEO Literacy Education Online MLA Parenthetical
  Documentation http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/research
  /mlaparen.html 2004
• Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide."
  The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University
  Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010.
  http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/
  .

• Duke Universisty library at http//library.duke.ed
  u/research/citing/within/mla.html Dec. 7 2009
• LEO Literacy Education Online MLA Parenthetical
  Documentation http//leo.stcloudstate.edu/research
  /mlaparen.html 2004
• Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide."
  The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University
  Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010.
  http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02/
  .

• MLA In-Text Parenthetical Citations. Duke
  University Library. 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Feb.
  2010.lthttp//library.duke.edu/research/citing/with
  in/mla.htmlgt.
• LEO Literacy Education Online. MLA Parenthetical
  Documentation. LEO. 2004. Web. 5 February 2010.
  http//leo.stcloudstate
• .edu/research/mlaparen.html
• Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide."
  The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University
  Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010.
  lthttp//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02
  /gt.

20
Works Cited

• MLA In-Text Parenthetical Citations. Duke
  University Library. 7 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Feb.
  2010.lthttp//library.duke.edu/research/citing/with
  in/mla.htmlgt.
• LEO Literacy Education Online. MLA Parenthetical
  Documentation. LEO. 2004. Web. 5 February 2010.
  http//leo.stcloudstate
• .edu/research/mlaparen.html
• Stolley, Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide."
  The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University
  Writing Lab. Web. 9 February 2010.
  lthttp//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/02
  /gt.