BIOCHIPS

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BIOCHIPS
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INTRODUCTION

• Collection of miniaturized test sites of living
  entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid
  substrate that permits many tests to be performed
  at the same time in order to achieve higher
  throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size.
• A biochip can perform thousands of biological
  reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few
  seconds.
• A unity between electronics and biology/medicine

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IN BRIEF

• Bio Chip Biochip
• Bio stands for any biological
  entity eg protein, DNA
• Chip a computer chip
• Biochip a combination of biological entity and a
  computer.
• Genome chips, Microarrays.

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THE IDEA BEHIND BIOCHIP

• Merge Biology and Electronics to overcome the
  brick wall
• Learn from natural phenomena and improve the
  current medical technology
• 1980s was the first time Biological entities were
  put on nonliving substrate.

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COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIPS

• Consists of two components
• Transponder
• Reader

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TRANSPONDER

• Passive Biochip No
  Batteries and energy of its own.
• The implantable biochip
• It has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no
  maintenance.
• Composed of
• Microchip
• Antenna coil
• Tuning capacitor
• Glass Capsule

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Transponder

• Computer Microchip Stores the unique ID number.
• Using a nnn-nnn-nnn format, the chip has the
  capability of storing of over 70 trillion unique
  numbers.

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Transponder

• Antenna Coil Primitive Radio antenna to receive
  and send signals from the reader.
• Made up of coil of copper wire around a ferrite
  or iron core.

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Transponder

• Tuning Capacitor Capacitor stores small charge
  (1/1000 of Watt) sent by the reader.
• Radio waves" are utilized to communicate
  between the transponder and reader, the capacitor
  is "tuned" to the same frequency as the reader.

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Transponder

• Glass Capsule Made of biocompatible material
  such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight)
  sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer.
• The small capsule measuring 11 mm in length and 2
  mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked
  grain of rice.

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READER/SCANNER

• Transmits a small signal
• Charges the tuning capacitor
• Receives ID number transmitted by the
  transponder.
• Takes place very fast, in milliseconds.
• Displays the result in an
• LCD display. The reader
• can include a RS-232 port
• to attach a computer.

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IMPLANT

• Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the
  skin.
• Injection is safe and simple, comparable to
  common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor
  recommended.
• Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs.
• The right hand and forehead in humans.

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DNA BIOCHIP

• DNA (Gene expression)
• Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study
  genomes
• Study of interactions of individual genes in an
  organism
• Biochips helped to dramatically accelerate the
  identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in
  human DNA.

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QUALITY OF LIFE IMPACTS

• Faster diagnosis of diseases
• Medicine will improve
• People will live longer healthier lives.
• Biological warfare diagnoses
• (eg Anthrax)
• Creates more jobs and improves the economy.

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BIOCHIPS IN NANOSCALE

• Nanotechnology has made it possible for a single
  chip to possess more than million features with
  its detection abilities than that of conventional
  methods.
• Nanotechnology has made biochips more applicable
  for commercialization purpose where biochips
  could be implanted inside body to dynamically
  transmit the information and monitor any
  biological changes in vivo.
• There has been significant progress on
  applications of biochips such as DNA chips,
  protein chips, and carbohydrate chips, and
  MEMS/NEMS in the field of medical nanotechnology.
• One could believe that when fused together,
  biochips and nanotechnology will endlessly bring
  scientists to newer and promising researching
  aspects. 

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SUMMARY

• Biochips is a very broad field
• Many different types of biochips
• Biochips is going to set the new trend in
  Medicine
• Still in research phase, but soon will be
  commercially used

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