Cells and Cell Organelles

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Cells and Cell Organelles
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History

• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• The microscope was invented by Anton Van
  Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch biologist in the early
  1600s. Leeuwenhoeks invention allowed him to
  see tiny living organisms in droplets of water.

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• Robert Hooke was the first person to name cells.
• Hooke was looking at cork under the microscope
  and thought they looked like the rooms monks
  lived in called cells.

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Over the next 300 years
Matthias Schleiden stated that all plants are
made of cells. (1838)Theodor Schwann
discovered that all animals are made of cells too
(1839).Rudolf Virchow stated that all cells
arise from the division of preexisting cells
(1855).
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Cell Theory
           Three key statements     i. All
organisms are made up of one or more
cells.    ii. The cell is the smallest living
organizational unit.    iii. All cells are
produced from previously existing
cells.             
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2 type of cells

• Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic
  Cells

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Prokaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic cells are . . .
• (1)Smaller and more primitive.
• (2)Have few organelles and their organelles have
  no membranes. The cell has no nucleus.
• (3)They are bacteria.

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Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukraryotic Cells are..
• (1) More advanced, larger, and contain
  organelles. These cells have a nucleus. Organisms
  made of these cells include protists, fungi,
  plants, and animals (including humans).
•   2.Organelles allow many activities to take
  place within the same cell other reactions take
  place on membrane surfaces and eukaryotic cells
  have much more internal membrane surface that
  prokaryotic cells

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Organization of Organisms

• Complex organisms can be organized as follow
  
• Organism
•                              Organs and organ
  systems
•                              Tissues
•                              Cells
•                            Organelles
•                              Molecules

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Cell Membrane

• - contains special fat molecules which keep water
  from passing through
• - controls what comes into and goes out of the
  cell
• - also has proteins stuck in it
• very important for homeostasis
• Selectively permeable

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Cell Wall

• - found in plants, bacteria, and fungi
• - not living like the cell membrane
• - because it is not living it requires pores for
  things to get in and out.
• - protects the plant cell and gives it strnegth
  and structure
• - because it is so strong the plant does not need
  a skeleton

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Cytoplasm

• Also known as cytosol
• all the liquid which fills the cell
• mostly water

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Nucleus

• controls the activities of the cell
• contains the DNA (genetic information)
• DNA is in the form of chromosomes
• surrounded by the nuclear membrane which is
  similar to the cell membrane
• the nuclear membrane controls what goes in and
  out of the nucleus

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Mitochondria

• Site of cellular respiration
• release energy from the food we eat
• break down glucose and other molecules for energy

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Ribosome

• Site of Protein Synthesis
• make protein for the cell
• most cells have 1000s of ribosomes
• some proteins stay inside the cell, some proteins
  leave the cell

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Lysosome

• - lysosomes break apart worn out cell parts
• - like a little recycling center
• the parts are then reused to make new cell parts
• Typically only found in animal cells

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Chloroplasts

• - contain a green pigment called chlorophyll
• - this pigment absorbs light from the sun
• - the chloroplasts make glucose (the main food)
  for the plant
• - this process is called photosynthesis

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Vacuole

• - the vacuole is used for storing things inside
  the cell
• - plant cells usually have very large vacuoles
  that they use to store water
• - the vacuoles of animal cells are not as large
  but they have many more

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough ER has ribosomes embedded in it
• Smooth ER has no ribosomes
• Functions in transport in the cell

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Golgi Bodies

• Packages and Secretes proteins for use in the cell

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Centrioles

• Only found in animal cell
• Function in cell reproduction