Title: Triumph of Industry 1850 - 1900
1Triumph of Industry1850 - 1900
- Technology and Industrial Growth
- By Mrs. Brown
2Bellringer 1
- Make a list of inventions of the period.
- Which one was most important to American society?
- Give reasons for your choice.
3Learning Targets
- I Can
- Analyze the factors that led to the
industrialization of the United States in the
late 1800s. - Explain how new inventions and innovations
changed Americans lives. - Describe the impact of industrialization in the
late 1800s.
4Section Focus Question
- How did industrialization and new technology
affect the economy and society? - Witness History (CD2 30)
- Celebrating the Nations Centennial
- Song of the Exposition by Walt Whitman
- Why was the Centennial Exhibition so popular?
- Why might it represent a turning point for the
United States?
5Changes in Daily Life
- Daily life in 1865
- Indoor electric lighting or refrigeration did not
exist. - Ice blocks were sawed out of ponds, packed in
sawdust and stored in icehouses. - Mail took 10 days to three weeks to reach from
east coast to Midwest to the west. News from
Europe to the frontier took months.
6Natural Resources Fuel Growth
- Coal mines along the eastern seaboard provided
fuel to power steam locomotives and factories. - Forests provided lumber for construction.
- Navigable river ways transported goods
7First Oil Well
- 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the worlds first oil
well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. - Before Drakes invention, oil, was mainly
obtained from boiling down whale blubber.
8http//www.cbsd.org/pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biog
raphies/images/Drake'201.jpg
9Capitalism Encourages Entrepreneurs
- 1868 Horatio Alger published the novel, Ragged
Dick, or Street Life in New York. - It was the rags to riches story of a poor boy who
achieved fame and wealth through hard work. - This idea depended on the system of capitalism.
- Heroes of the system were entrepreners.
102. Daily life in 1900
- The patent and trademark office issued 36,000
patents between 1790 and 1860. - Between 1860 and 1890 500,000 patents were issued
for inventions such as the typewriter, sewing
machine and phonograph.
Phonograph
http//inventors.about.com/bledison.htm
11Thomas Edison
- Edison did not invent the light bulb but improved
on a 50-year-old idea. - 1876 Edison, supported by industrialist like J.P.
Morgan established a research library at Menlo
Park, New Jersey
12Thomas Edison
- Edison had only a few months of formal education
would receive more than 1000 patents for new
inventions
http//www.nndb.com/people/333/000022267/
13Thomas Edison
- European investors and American business leaders
began to invest heavily in new inventions. - By 1900 Americans standard of living was among
the highest in the world as was the nations
industrial productivity.
14Railroads Improve Transportation
- The Transcontinental Railroad
- The transcontinental railroad was the key event
in the great improvement of the rail business
after the Civil War. (Extending coast to coast) - Government involvement was vital.
- The federal government awarded huge loans and
land grants to two private companies.
http//www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_09.htm
15- The Central Pacific Railroad began moving
eastward out of Sacramento. - The Union Pacific Railroad began work toward the
west in Omaha. - Most of the workers were immigrants Irish or
Chinese - After seven years, On May 10, 1869, the final
golden spike was hammer in Promontory Point,
Utah.
Near Promontory Point
http//www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_16.htm
162. Rail Problems and Solutions
http//www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/woods.htm
l
- By 1870 railroads could carry goods and
passengers from coast to coast. - Steel rails replaced iron rails, and track
gauges and signals became standard. - In 1869 George Westinghouse developed more
effective air brakes. - In 1887 Granville Woods patented a telegraph
system for communicating with moving trains. - Meatpacker, Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated
cars for transporting food.
Granville Woods
173. Rail Roads and Time Zones
- In the 1800s most towns set their clocks
independently according to solar time. - In 1884, 27 countries divided the globe into 24
time zones one for each hour of the day. - The railroad adopted this system.
- By the end of the century, some 190,000 miles
of rails linked businesses and their customers. - Shipping costs dropped enormously.
- In 1865 shipping a barrel of flour from
Chicago to New York cost 3.45. In 1895 it cost
68 cents.
18Advances in Communication
- The Telegraph
- Samuel F.B. Morse perfected and took out a patent
on the telegraph. - Morse devised a code of short and long electrical
impulses to represent the letters of the
alphabet. - He sent his first message in 1844.
Self-Portrait
http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltel
egraph.htm
192. The Telephone
- Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland patented the
talking telegraph on March 7, 1876. He had
just turned 29. - That same year President Rutherford B. Hayes
had a telephone installed at the White House.
http//www.picturehistory.com/find/p/14836/mcms.ht
ml
20The Telephone
- By 1900, there were more than 100,000 miles of
telegraph wire linked across America. - 1896 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless
telegraph. - Future inventors would develop the radio based on
this innovation.
21Electric Power
- Edison, A master of invention
- Born in 1847, Edison grew up tinkering with
electricity. - Edisons favorite invention, the phonograph,
recorded sounds on metal foil wrapped around a
rotating cylinder. - His goal was to develop affordable, in home
lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights.
http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhm.html
222. Westinghouse and alternating current
- 1n 1885 George Westinghouse began to
experiment with alternating current, which could
be produced and transmitted more cheaply and
efficiently. - Westinghouse also used a device called a
transformer to boost power levels at a station so
that electricity could be sent over long
distances.
http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwes
tinghouse.htm
23- Westinghouses system made home use of
electricity practical. - By the early 1890s, investors had used
Edisons and Westinghouses ideas and inventions
to create two companies, general electric and
Westinghouse electric.
1st Light Lighting Main Street
http//www.georgewestinghouse.com/1stlight.html
243. Electricitys Impact on Daily Life
- Electricity made the refrigerator possible,
transformed the world of work and created new
jobs. - The electric sewing machine, first made in 1889,
led to the rapid growth of the clothing industry.
http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsew
ing_machine.htm
25Turning Point The Bessemer Process
- In 1856 in England, Henry Bessemer received the
first patent for the Bessemer process. - Steel had long been produced by melting iron,
adding carbon, and removing impurities. - The Bessemer process made it much easier and
cheaper to remove the impurities.
26http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blste
el.htm
- Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible
than iron. - The Bessemer process made possible the mass
production of steel. - By 1890, the US was outproducing British steel
manufacturers.
http//www.skyscraperpicture.com/index1.htm
27Witness History
- CD 2 29
- The March of American Progress The Brooklyn
Eagle - How do you think the completion of this bridge
changed the lives of the people living around it?
28The Brooklyn Bridge
- The only way to travel between Brooklyn and
Manhattan was by ferry across the east river. - John A. Roebling, a German immigrant designed a
suspension bridge with thick steel cables
suspended from high towers to hold up the main
span.
http//www.germanheritage.com/biographies/mtoz/roe
bling.html
29Brooklyn Bridge
- Disasters plagued this massive project. Roebling
died, his son then in charge was disabled with
the bends. Explosions, fires, and dishonest
dealings by a greedy steel-cable contractor also
occurred.
http//www.wirednewyork.com/bridges/brooklyn_bridg
e/ images/brooklyn_manhattan_bridge_26may02.jpg
302. A Symbol of American Success
- The Brooklyn bridge was completed and opened on
May 24, 1883. - Its inventive genius and hard work stood plainly
visible for all the world to see. - Witness History CD 2 29
- The March of American Progress
- The Brooklyn Eagle
- How do you think the completion of this bridge
changed the lives of the people living around it?
31The Impact of Industrialization
- Linked World Markets
- US exports of grain, steel, and textiles
dominated international markets - Changed American Society
- Industry altered how Americans lived and worked
- Concern about the Environment
- 1872 Yellowstone National Park was created in
response to concerns
32Textbook Resources
- Read Major Inventions of the 1800s on page 102
- Read and study Focus on Geography on page 105.
Answer the two Geography and History questions in
the green box.
33Exit Slip
- Why did industry continue to expand after the
civil war? P101 - Why would a patent encourage the work of
inventors? P102 - How did the Bessemer process affect
transportation? P103 - How did industrialization change the population
of U.S. cities and rural areas? p106 - How did industrialization affect peoples
relationship with their environment? p106