Mandragora

1
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Mandragora
2
???? ????? (?? ???? Mandragora autumnalis) ????
????? (?? ???? Mandragora autumnalis) ??? ???
?????? ??-????, ??? ???? ????, ?????? ????????.
3
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4
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????, ??? ?????. ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????.
Mandrake Root with Plant and Flowers above
??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
5
?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ???????),
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Mandrake. British Library, Harley MS 1585
6
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????????? ??????? ?????????? ????. (??"? ? ??).
7
??????? ???? ????? ?? ?'??????' ?- Mandragora
autumnalis, ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????,
(???? ?????? ??????, ?????) ?????? ???? ???????
??? ????? "??????, ?????? ????? ??? ???????,
???? ???? ????????. ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????
??????, ?????? - ?????. ?????, ?? ???? ????, ???
?? ???? ???? - ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ???,
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????-????. ?????? ??????
???? ?', ???? ????? ????????, ????? ?? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????,
???? ?????, ?????? ????, ???? ??. ????? ?? ?????
?? ?? ??, ?? ????? ??? ??, ????". ?????? ??"?
???? ??? ????? ??????? "??? ??????? ??? ??
??????. ??? ??? ?????. ?' ????? ??? ??????"
(??????? ?? ?"?). ????? ???? "?' ???? ?? ??? ???
???????. ?' ???? ??? ?????. ?' ????? ??' ?????
??? ??????".
???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? "??? ????? ??????,
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????"
8
????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????
??????-???????????
?????? ???????? (??????? Ebers papyrus) ???
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?-1550
????"?. ??? ???? ??????? (????) ????? 1873-1874
?? ??? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ????????
?????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????
??????? ???????.
??????? ???? ??????? 1550 ????"?, ?? ???????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ????
??? ?-3400 ????"?. ??? ???? ?????? ?? 110 ??????,
?-20 ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????
?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? (1800 ????"?
????), ?????? ?????? ???? (1600 ????"? ????),
?????? ???? (1600 ????"? ????), ?????? ?????
(1300 ????"? ????) ??????? ?????? (1300 ????"?).
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????,
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.
9
Ebers Papyrus, believed to be written in the 16th
Century B.C., contains a collection of
prescriptions and formulae covering a wide range
of uses. The medicines mentioned in the Ebers
Papyrus have been identified to be Oil, wine,
beer, yeast, vinegar, turpentine, figs, castor
oil, myrrh, mastic, frankincense, wormwood,
aloes, opium, cumin, peppermint, anise, fennel,
saffron, lotus flowers, linseed, juniper berries,
henbane, mandragora, poppy, gentian, colchicum,
squill, cedar, elder berries, honey, grapes,
onion and date blossoms. Besides these, many
others are mentioned, which cant be identified
because of the unusual figurative synonyms which
were in vogue at the time.
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????, ?????, ????, ???????, ?????, ??? ???, ???,
?????, ?????, ????, ???? , ??????, ????, ????,
????, ????, ?????, ???? ?????, ????, ????? ????,
??????, ???? , ???, ????, Colchicum, ???, ???,
????? ???, ???, ?????, ??? ?????? ?????. ????
???, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
10
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???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
???? ????????.
??????? (???? ???) ????'? (???? ?????),
?"?????????", ??? ?????, 2011
11


Niccolò Machiavellis Mandragola, a satirical
comedy on the corruption of Italian society
during the 16th century, will be performed at the
Teatro di Rifredi on November 29 and 30 at 9 pm.
The narrative of the play is based on the love
triangle between an old doctor, Nicia, and the
young and dashing Callimaco, who are both in love
with the beautiful Lucrezia. Callimaco and
Lucrezia, helped by the diabolic Ligurio and Fra
Timoteo, play a prank on Lucrezias husband
Nicia, which enables the young lovers to have
trysts.
12
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???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????
?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
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?????? ?50- ??' ???? ??????, ?????? ????, ???????
???? ??? ????-???. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????
??????.
13
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????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ??????????.
??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ????
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?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.??? ??
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????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????...
14
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?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ???? ????. ???, ??? ?????? ?? ???????
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???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????
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Image Appeared in the Book titled "Tacuinum
Sanitatis," circa 1450, of a dog being tied to a
Mandrake
15
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????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ???
?????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ?????
??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. (?????
????? ????) ???? ???????, ?????? ??????, ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????
??, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????
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??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??. ?????? ???
??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????.??? ????? ??????,
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?????
?????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
16
????? ?????? ???? ???? ?'?? ??? ?????? ?? ????
??????? (Mandrakes) ???????? ????? ???? ????. ???
??? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? (???
??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??
????????) ??? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??
???...???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
???????? - ????? ???????  ??????? ?????? - ????
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?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
?????. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??
???????? ??????? ?????. 
Mandrake working dog
17
???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????????, ????
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???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????"? ????? ?????
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???? ?? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
(???????) ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????
???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ????
????? ?? ?"?????", ?????? ?????? ?"????????"
(?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?"?'???" ??
?"?????", ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
???" ( ???? ??????, ?"??"?. ????? ?????? ???
???? ??? ????).
18
????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?????? ???????? (????
???? ?? ?????), ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????
??????? ???? ???? ????? (Müller, 1998). ?????
????? ????? ?? (????? ????? ????? ??? ??????)
???, ????, ?"?????? ?????" ???? ???? ????"?.
????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
????? ????? ????? (?? ??????) ????? ?????. ?????
?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?? ????? " ?????? ????? ??????" (Rose
1972281). ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ????
????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ???
???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??? (Moon, 200631). ?? ????? ??
????"? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????
?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ????
??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????????
??????? ?????. 
19
Mandrake seeds with a single mandrake fruit
(bright yellow berry)
20
(No Transcript)
21
?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
A Page from the Naples Dioscurides, a 7th century
manuscript of Dioscurides ''De Materia Medica''
(Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale), Mandrake. XC1)
Millefoglie2) Mandragora maschio3) Mandragora
femmina
22
Wiener Dioskurides
23
Frontpiece drawings (A, B) Dioscorides with the
nymph Heuresis, the personification of discovery
and inspiration, holding a mandrake plant tied to
a dying dog. The sketch (B) is by Singer (1927).
The presence of the dog is based on the belief
that the mandrake emits a deadly shriek when
pulled out of the soil. To harvest mandrake the
plant is tied to a starving dog tempted by food,
sparing the attendant with muffled ears but
causing the demise of the dog. (C, D) Crateuas
(ancient herbalist and illustrator of
Mithridates) painting a mandrake held by Epinoia,
(incarnation of thought and intelligence) while
Dioscorides is absorbed with his book (D) sketch
by M. Breen (DAndrea 1982).
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Mandragoras From Dioscorides' De Materia Medica
(Book Four) Mandagoras has a root that seems to
be a maker of love medicines. There is one sort
that is female, black, called thridacias, with
narrower, longer leaves than lettuce, with a
poisonous, heavy scent, scattered on the ground.
Among them are apples similar to serviceberries -
pale, with a sweet scent - in which is seed like
a pear. The two or three roots are a good size,
wrapped within one another, black according to
outward appearance, white within, and with a
thick bark but it has no stalk. The male is
white, and some have called it norion. The leaves
are bigger, white, broad, smooth like beet but
the apples are twice as big - almost saffron in
colour, sweetsmelling, with a certain strength -
which the shepherds eat to fall asleep. The root
is similar to that above, yet bigger and paler,
and it is also without a stalk.
Mandragora (Female Mandrake).
27
The bark of the root is pounded and juiced while
it is fresh, and placed under a press. After it
is stirred the beaters should bottle it in a
ceramic jar. The apples are also juiced in a
similar way, but the juice from them becomes
weakened. The bark from the root is peeled off,
pierced with a thread, and hanged up in storage.
Some boil the roots in wine until a third
remains, strain it, and put it in jars. They use
a winecupful of it for those who cannot sleep, or
are seriously injured, and whom they wish to
anaesthetise to cut or cauterize.
.
The Herbal of Pseudo-Apuleius 550 625
28
Twenty grains of the juice (taken as a drink with
honey and water) expel phlegm and black bile
upward like hellebore, but when too much is taken
as a drink it kills. It is mixed with eye
medicines, medications to ease pain, and
softening suppositories. As much as five grains
(applied alone) expels the menstrual flow and is
an abortifacient, and put up into the perineum as
a suppository it causes sleep. The root is said
to soften ivory, boiled together with it for six
hours, and to make it ready to be formed into
whatever shape a man wants. Applied with polenta,
the new leaves are good both for inflammations of
the eyes and ulcers.
?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????,
???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.
29
??? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? De Materia
medica
30
(No Transcript)
31
Erbario, 1463???? ???
???? ????
32
Peters, Hermann. Pictorial History of Ancient
Pharmacy. 3rd ed. Chicago G. P. Englehard,
1902, c.1899.
Peters, Hermann. Pictorial History of Ancient
Pharmacy. 3rd ed. Chicago G. P. Englehard,
1902, c.1899.
33
Bibliothèque Nationale de France Male and female
mandrakes are shown head-down, with their hair
forming the roots, an unusual position. (This
position is also shown in an illustration in
British Library.) The dog tied to the male plant
lunges toward the man, who holds food and stays
out of earshot.
34
???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ???????

35
Bodleian Library,. Ashmole 1462, A female
mandrake, presumably already torn from the
ground.
A mandrake stands over and is tied to a white
dog, which will pull the plant from the earth.
36
The Mandrake's Curse After being shown a tasty
morsel (far right), a hungry dog is tied to the
root of the mandrake. From a safe distance, the
hunter throws the food in front of the dog, which
lunges forward, uprooting the herb. The dog dies
at sunrise (bottom right) and is buried with
secret rites.
37
In the second novel written by J.K. Rowling
titled Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets,
which was also made into a film with the same
title, the nature of the Mandrake Root is
perfectly displayed in Professor Sprouts
Herbology Class. To wizards, plants are vitally
important, so important that all students at
Hogwarts are required to take Herbology. Thus, in
Harrys second year at Hogwarts, he learns how to
grow mandrakes, which are, in fact, real plants
studied by historical botanists. At first Harry
does not favor the subject at all, but then
appreciates Herbology when he discovers that
mandrake is the key ingredient of a potion that
will cure his severely injured classmate. In
Harrys fourth year he is once again reminded
about how important plants are in his wizard
training, as he must find a way to breathe
underwater during the Triwizard Tournament.
Mandrake Root Potion Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secrets
38
Professor Sprout teaches her Second year
Herbology Students how to pot young mandrakes.
Potion made from Mandrake Root, used by Professor
Spout in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
to revive the petrified victims of the Basilisk.
39
Magical Uses As a talisman or amulet
Aphrodisiac Love magic Good luck in business or
gambling Counter-magic Protector Warding off of
evil spirits or spells Invincible against any
kind of weapons Flying ointment Fertility
Health
Mandrake Oil (right) and Amulet (left).
Mandragora officinarum Potion
40
Medicinal UsesParts Used Roots, Leaves, Fruits
Actions Sedative (assuage pain, produce sleep)
Antispasmodic (prevent spasms, soothe
muscles) Anti-inflammatory (reduce fever,
swelling, pain) Hypnotic (produce
sleep) Hallucinogenic (produce hallucinations)
Emmenagogue (induce menstrual flow) Abortive
(premature birth) Emetic (cause vomiting)
Anodine tropane alkaloids Scopolamine,
Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Mandragorine,
Cuscohygrine (Powerful effect on central nervous
system (Extreme CAUTION is ADVISED) - Ex
Morphine, Quinine, etc.)
41
????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?"? ?????, ??????
?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????
1555. ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??
???????, ????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ??
???????. ?????? ?? "???????" ????? ?????? ??????.
42
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ??
?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????
??????, ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????,
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
43
??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
????? ??????...
??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????, 1863.
44
The manuscript of Paris, Bibliotheque nationale
de France, latinus 9333 Ocimum basilicum L. and
Mandragora officinarum .
45
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