The Magna Carta

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The Magna Carta the most well-known and most
important document to come out of the Middle Ages

• gtAn agreement between England's major
  landholders (barons) and King John, signed at
  Runnymede in 1215.
• gtEstablished idea that the King of England was
  not above the law a principle that became the
  cornerstone of representative democracy.
• gt Not a statement of political philosophy, it
  was a list of complaints and rights that the
  feudal vassals extracted from their liege lord,
  King John.
• Of the 63 clauses, only three are relevant
  today
• Trial by Jury of Peers
• No taxation without representation
• Punishments must fit the crime

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The Late Middle Ages1300-1450

• Crisis and Dissolution

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An Age of Adversity

• Economic problems
• Famine Plague
• Peasant Rebellions
• Decline of the Papacy
• Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

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Economic problems

• Early 1300's - The Little Ice Age
• Declining agricultural production
• Food shortages, malnutrition and famines
• Silver shortage - Spiraling inflation
• Diminished revenues from peasants
• Knights turned to plunder and warfare

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The Black Death

• 1347-1352
• Sicily
• Fleas on black rats
• 20,000,000 dead
• Divine punishment for human sin

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Negative impact of the Plague included

• Panic- family, friends villages abandoned
• Food production plummeted
• Jewish communities massacred
• Church authority questioned
• Economic and social tensions emerged into
  rebellions
• New artistic forms focused on decay and death

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Positive long-term impact of the Plague

• Higher wages for manual labor
• People questioned the authority of church leaders
• Re-emergence of rational science
• Re-discovery of the ancient past
• New, questioning spirit- paved the way for the
  Renaissance

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The Jacquerie, France, 1358
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The Ciompi Italy, 1378
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Wat Tylers Peasant Revolt, aka The Great
Rising, England, 1381
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The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453
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William of Normandy, aka
William the Conqueror, 1066
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Edward III r. 1327-1377 In 1337, he claimed the
throne of France.

• Henry V r 1413-1422took advantage of a civil war
  in France and invaded in 1415

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Crecy, 1346Poitiers, 1356 The Long Bow vs
mounted knights and the crossbow
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Agincourt, 1415
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Joan of Arc (1412-1431)

• Jeanne DArc, 1429
• The Maid of Orleans

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• Captured by the Duke of Burgundy in 1430 and
  turned over to English

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Impact of the Hundred Years War

• English held only the port city of Calais
• England experienced a civil war War of the Roses
  
• French monarchy grew in power prestige
• Kings won the right to collect taxes
• New weapons and strategy for warfare
• Code of Chivalry abandoned
• Feudalism began to decline

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Height of the Papacy

• Innocent III (1198-1215)
• gt The Donation of Constantine to justify papal
  power
• gt Regained physical control over many Italian
  states
• gt Responsible for the 4th Crusade
• gt Forced King John to give England to the Pope
  and receive it back as a fief
• gt Sponsored Francis of Assissi in creating the
  Franciscan order and the Spaniard Dominic and
  his Dominican order.
• gt Convened the 4th Lateran Council

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Decline of the Papacy
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Pope Boniface VIII and French king Philip IV
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Clericos Laicos, 1296

• Churches and priests that paid taxes to the
  French king instead of the Pope would face
  excommunication.

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if the earthly power errs, it shall be judged
by the spiritual power. but the pope can be
judged only by God, not by man. Therefore we
declare, state, define and pronounce that it is
altogether necessary to salvation for every human
creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff.

• Unam Sanctam, 1302

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• September, 1303 The Terrible Day at Anagni.

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In 1309, Clement V -Avignon
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The Babylonian Captivity, 1309-1377

• Along with Clement V, the next 6 popes (68 years)
  were French.
• Many saw the pope as a puppet of the French king
• Widespread criticism among devout Catholics of
  the good life led by the clergy at Avignon
  further reduced the prestige of the church and
  the pope in particular.

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The Babylonian Captivity, 1309-1377

• Petrarch, in 1353 wrote
• I am now living in Avignon where reign the
  successors of the poor fishermen of Galilee.
• I am astoundedto see these men loaded with gold
  and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of
  princes and nations to see luxurious palaces and
  heights crowned with fortifications, instead of a
  boat turned downwards for their shelter.
  
• 
  

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John Wycliffe (1320-1384)

• Stressed a personal relationship with God
• Sacraments are not necessary for salvation
• Denied that priests turned bread/wine to
  body/blood of Christ (transubstantiation)
• Denounced wealth and advocated material poverty
• Followers called Lollards

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The end to Medieval Scholasticism...

• St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274
• Summa Theologica the attempt to reconcile the
  works of Aristotle, with its emphasis on reason
  and logic, with Christianity.

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• Duns Scotus (1265-1308)
• Human reason cannot prove that God is
  omnipotent, that He rewards the righteous and
  punishes the wicked, or that the soul is
  immortal. These doctrines are the province of
  revelation and faith, not reason.

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• William of Ockham (1285-1349)
• The tenets of faith are beyond the reach of
  reason there is no rational foundation for
  Christianity.
• His approach, separating natural knowledge from
  religious dogma, made it easier to explore the
  natural world without fitting it into a religious
  framework.

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In 1377, Pope Gregory IX re-established the
papacy in Rome
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The Great Schism, 1378-1417

• 1378Pope Urban VI (Pope in Rome) and Pope
  Clement VII (Pope in Avignon)

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The Great Schism, 1378-1417

• 1409, Council of Pisa elected Alexander V
  a third pope!

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Council of Constance, 1414-1417 elected Martin V
as new Pope.
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Legacy of the Middle Ages

• Notions of honor, duty, loyalty, and love
• European cities / The middle class
• The state system
• English common law -concept of liberty
• Equality and the sacred worth of the individual
• Representative government
• Universities
• Corporations, Bookkeeping Banking
• Preserved Greco-Roman scholarship
• Growth of secularism

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