Imperial China -- Qin to Ming Dynasties

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Imperial China Qin to Ming Dynasties
by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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Qin Chin Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.

• Established Chinas first empire ?
• Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E)
• Legalist rule ?
• Bureaucratic administration
• Centralized control
• Military expansion
• Book burnings ? targetedConfucianists
• Buried protestors alive!
• Built large section of the Great Wall

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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Army
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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Army
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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Soldiers Cavalrymen
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Cavalry
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Individual Soldiers
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The Details of an Individual Soldier
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Individual Tombs
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The Great Wall with Towers
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The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai
Pass
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Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.

• People of the Han ? original Chinese
• Paper invented 105 B.C.E. ?
• Silk Road trade develops improves life for many
• Buddhism introduced into China
• Expanded into Central Asia

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Han Roman Empire Connection
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ChanganThe Han Capital
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Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
His jade suit has 2498 pieces!
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Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.

• Started public schools.
• Colonized Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam.
• Civil service system ?
• bureaucrats
• Confucian scholar-gentry
• Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

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Han Artifacts
Imperial Seal
Han Ceramic House
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Ceramics, Later Han Period
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Trade Routes of the Ancient World
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Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road
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Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han
dynasty outpost in Central Asia
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Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.

• Land Equalization System ? land
  redistribution.
• Unified coinage.
• Grand Canal constructed.
• Established an army of professional soldiers.
• People were overworked and overtaxed!

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The Grand Canal
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The Grand Canal Today
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Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

• Imperial examination system perfected.
• Liberal attitude towards all religions.
• Spread of Buddhism in China
• Golden Age of foreign relations with other
  countries. ?
• Japan, Korea, Persia

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Tang Government Organization
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Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

• New technologies
• Printing ? moveable print ?
• Porcelain
• Gunpowder
• Mechanical clocks
• More cosmopolitan culture.
• Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
• Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. ?

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Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705

• The only female Empress in Chinas history who
  ruled alone. ?
• Searched for outstanding individuals to attract
  to her court.
• Construction of new irrigation systems.
• Buddhism was the favored statereligion.
• Financed the building of many Buddhist
  temples.
• BUT She appointed cruel and sadistic
  ministers to seek out her enemies.

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• Broken toes by 3 years of age.

• Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• Mothers bound their daughters feet.

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

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The Results of Foot-Binding
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Song Sung Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

• Creation of an urban, merchant, middle
  class.
• Increased emphasis on education cheaper
  availability of printed books.
• Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
  ?

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Song Peasant Family
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Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
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Song Rice Cultivation
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Mongolian Steppes
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Xinjiang Region Typical Uygher Mongol Yurt
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Mongol Invasions
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Mongol Warriors
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Mongol Archer
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Gold Saddle Arch Mongols, 13c
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Gold Saddle, Front View Mongols, 13c
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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Temujin --gt Genghis Khan Universal Ruler
• 1162 - 1227
• from the steppe dry, grass-covered plains of
  Central Asia

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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Genghis Khans Tax Laws
• If you do not pay homage, we will take your
  prosperity.
• If you do not have prosperity, we will take your
  children.
• If you do not have children, we will take your
  wife.
• If you do not have a wife, we will take your
  head.
• Used cruelty as a weapon ? some areas never
  recovered from Mongol destruction!

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Mongol Nobleman, late 13c
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Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c
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Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c
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The Extent of the Mongol Empire
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Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• Kublai Khan r. 1260-1294
• Pax Mongolica Mongol Peace
• Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from
  them. ?
• No Chinese in top govt. posts.
• Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy.
• Encouraged foreign trade foreign merchants to
  live and work in China.
• Marco Polo

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Marco Polo (1254-1324)

• A Venetian merchant.
• Traveled through YuanChina 1271-1295
• Black Stones coal
• Gunpowder.
• Noodles.

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Marco Polos Travels
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Yuan Porcelains Ceramics
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Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in
  the mid-14c.
• Sent fleets against Japan.
• 1281 ? 150,000 warriors
• Defeated by kamikazi winds of the gods ?
• Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating
  defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

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Chinas last native imperial dynasty!
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The Forbidden City Chinas New Capital
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Revived the Civil Service Exam
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Ming Cultural Revolution

• Printing Literacy
• Cheap, popular books
• woodblock printing.
• cheap paper.
• Examination system.
• Leads to explosion in literacy. ?
• Leads to further popularization of the commercial
  market.

• Culture Art
• Increased literacy leads to increased interest in
  cultural expressions, ideas, and things
• Literature.
• Painting.
• Ceramics.
• Opera.

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Ming Silver Market

• Spanish Silver Convoys
• Triangle route
• Philippines to China to Japan.
• Silver floods Chinese Market
• Causes devaluation of currency recession
• Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.
• Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe
• Increases interest in Chinese culture ideas in
  Europe.
• Helps fund conquest of New World ?
• Encourages Europeans in conquest trade.

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Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.

• Golden Age of Chinese Art
• Moderation
• Softness
• Gracefulness
• Three different schools ofpainting developed.
• Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed
  theForbidden City.

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Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)
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The Tribute System
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Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

• Ming Treasure Fleet
• Each ship 400 long 160 wide

1371-1435
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Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

• Chinas Columbus? ?

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Admiral Zheng Hes Voyages

• First Voyage 1405-1407 62 ships 27,800 men.
• Second Voyage 1407-1409 Ho didnt go on this
  trip.
• Third Voyage 1409-1411 48 ships 30,000 men.
• Fourth Voyage 1413-1415 63 ships 28,500 men.
• Fifth Voyage 1417-1419
• Sixth Voyage 1421-1422
• Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and
  ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.
• Seventh Voyage 1431-1433
• Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to
  restore peaceful relations with Malacca Siam
• 100 ships and 27,500 men Cheng Ho died on the
  return trip.

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• 1498 --gt Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port.

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Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c18c
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Ming Vases, 18c
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Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c
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Ming Scroll PaintingTravellers in Autumn
Mountains
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Ming Painting Taoist Scholar
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Ming Painting Birds and Flowers, 16c
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Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c
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Imperial Chinas Impact on History

• Removed religion from morality.
• Beginnings of political philosophy through which
  a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.
• Mandate of Heaven
• Secular law.
• Valued history ? The Dynastic Cycle