Control of soil pest with entomopathogenic nematodes

1
Control of soil pest with entomopathogenic
nematodes
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2
Presentation overview

• Nematodes in general
• Production, storage, formulation, package sizes
  and QC
• How to use nematodes
• Products and target pests
• Visible effect of nematodes against key pests

3
What are Nematodes????? ?????

• Unsegmented tiny roundworms, 12,000 species
  exist
• Harmful nematodes (pathogen of plants, humans and
  mammals)
• Beneficial nematodes (natural enemy of soil
  dwelling insect larvae)
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  ???? ?? ?? ???? ????
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  ??????????)
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4
Beneficial (entomopathogenic) nematodes the
good guys

• found all over the world
• most effective as bio-agents are
  Heterorhabditis and Steinernema spp.
• nematode lives in symbiosis with bacteria
• the combination is lethal to many pests
• only infectious juvenile stage is free living
• safe for plants and animals!
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5
Hunting strategy entomopathogenic
nematodes??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????
?????

• Cruiser type actively search for prey
• Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
• Heterorhabditis megidis
• Steinernema feltiae
• Ambusher type sit and wait
• Steinernema capocapsae

6
Infective juvenile nematodesthe only free living
stage????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
??? ?? ????? ???? ????
Old protective 2 stage skin
7
Mode of action (1) ????? ??? ?????

• Contact between nematode and pest
• penetration of host
• nematode releases symbiotic bacteria inside host
• rapid growth of bacteria
• host killed 24-48 h after infection
• larvae is converted into nematode food
• nematode starts its lifecycle again
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8
Symbiotic bacteria?????? ?????? the actual
assassin
Symbiont inside Nematode ?????? ???? ?????
Symbiont on plate ?????? ???? ????
9
Life cycle nematodes inside host???? ????? ?????
???? ??????
(reference Gaugler Kaya, 1990)
10
Mode of action (2) ????? ??? ?????

• nematode finishes its life cycle inside killed
  insect
• free living juveniles crawls out of remains of
  insect larva
• Juvenile nematodes starts search for new prey
  (theoretical)
• success largely depending from biotic and
  a-biotic factors
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11
Advantages of nematodes over chemicals??????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????

• no resistance
• no negative influence on yield
• environmental friendly
• no re-entry restrictions in crop
• no harvest interval
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  ???? ??? ???

12
Production of nematodes ????? ?????

Lab scale, 10L
Industrial scale in 120-5000L fermentor
13
Nematode production facilities Koppert ???????
????? ????? ???? ?????
14
Storage conditions of nematodes

• After production, down streaming and cleaning
• max. 6 weeks liquid storage at 2-5C
• After formulation
• max 2 weeks internal and 3 weeks external storage
  at 2-6C

15
Different formulations and package
sizes?????????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????

• Packed immidiatelly after formulation
• Formulated in clay and gel ?low residu!
• Package size 6, 50 million in a trays and 2x250
  million bag
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• ????? ????? 5.6 ?????? ?? ???? ?? ? 500 ??????
  ?? ?? ????

16
Quality ensurance ????? ?????

• during production
• (microbial) purity checks of fermentors and
  nematode development
• ???? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??

• after production/formulation
• every batch is checked weekly on total
• and efficacy until expiry date
• at least 75 efficacy in a bio-assay
• no more than 10 decline after 6 weeks
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  ? ???? ????? ????? ??????
• ????? 75 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
  ???? ?? ??? ???
• ??? ?? 6 ???? ????? ????? ?? 10 ???? ????? ????
  ???

17
Fairytales about nematodes as bio-pesticides?????
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• the solution for a broad range soil related
  (larval) pests
• work against all soil pests also non-target
• easy to apply, almost fool proof
• cannot see them, so probably they do not work
• if control fails, ALWAYS due to bad
  product/nematodes
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  ?? ??? ?? ???????
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18
Truth about nematodes as bio-pesticides?????
???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????

• they do work, but not against all insects
  (stages)
• failure often due to
• wrong application technique
• Application at wrong time (non-susceptible insect
  or stage)
• wrong nematode species for target pest
• Good application technique is crucial
• ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
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19
Golden rules

• max 5 bar ( 72,5 psi) on the nozzle, opening
  minimum 0.5 mm and remove all sieves
• keep surface moist before and after application
• 50 million nematodes will treats
• 100 m2
• 7500 litres of peat in bags
• approx. 300 metres of crop row in high volume of
  water
• through watering can, overhead irrigation,
  sprinklers, drenching, spraying boom, drip
  irrigation, trickle system etc.
• ??? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????
  ????
• 50 ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? -??m 100
• -
  ?? 7500 ???? ???
• 
  -?? ?????? 300 ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  ????
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20
Preparation of a nematode solution ????? ????
????? ?????

• Empty content of box in bucket water (15-20C)
• Use one package at once, never divide a package
• Stirr well and transfer content in spraying
  device
• Immediately apply nematodes after preparation
  solution
• Stirr solution continuously to prevent nematodes
  sink
• ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? C 20-15 ??????
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  ???? ?????
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  ????

21
Points of attention ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??

• substrate/soil type moisture content
• irrigation system (dripping, ebb and flow
  overhead)
• avoid direct UV radiation on nematodes
• avoid high substrate/soil temperatures gt35C
• ???? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????
• ???? ?? ????? ??????
• ?? ???? ?????? ???? uv??? ????? ??????? ???
• ???? ?????? ?? c 35 ??????? ???

22
Pitfalls

• Understanding biology of target insect timing
  of application
• culturing techniques every crop and grower is
  different
• application/spraying has to fit in the normal
  watering
• management of the grower
• compatibility with chemicals and water quality
  (check side effect list)
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  ??????? ?? ?????
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  ??

23

• Temperatures range for nematodes 2-35C
• Influence of pH pH 3-10 no problem, 5-8 optimum
• Influence of CO2, ammonia ect. disorientation
• Leaf application possible against caterpillars
  and thrips
• Survival of nematodes depends on various
  factors
• Predators of nematodes fungi, many insects,
  nematodes
• ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? c 23-2
• ????? pHpH 3-10 ????? ????? ??? ??? ?pH 8-
  5????? ???
• 2 CO ? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??
  ????
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  ????? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ? ????????? ????? ?????

24
Koppert nematode products and markets
Product Product Existing target pest Existing market New target pests Potential markets
LARVANEM Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Vine weevil Hepialus lupulinus (swift moth) Keroplatidae spp strawberry, tree nurseries soft fruit Phalaenopsis
ENTONEM Steinernema feltiae Fungus gnats/ shoreflies ornamentals, seedlings, tree nurseries, fresh herbs, HONS (Hardy Ornamentals Nursery Stock) Leather jackets Vine weevil Thrips various flies (Delia spp) Late application at low temperatures in strawberry, tree nurseries Chrysanthemum Outdoor vegetables (carrot, cabbage ect.)
SCIA-RID Steinernema feltiae Mushroom flies and phorids Mushroom production
TERRANEM Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Various grubs Golf courses and lawns
CAPSANEM Steinernema carpocapsae Hylobius abietis, (large pine weevil) Caterpillars (i.e. C.chal.) leather jackets Pine trees Various crops Grassland, lawns, golf courses
25
Existing target markets

• Entonem, Sciarid/ St.feltiae
• Fungus gnats/ shoreflies in ornamentals,
  seedlings, treenurseries, fresh herbs, mushrooms,
  HONS
• Larvanem, Terranem/ H.bacteriophora
• Vineweevil in strawberry, treenursetries
• Hepialus lupulinus (swift moth)
• Keroplatidae spp (potworm) in Phaleanopsis
• Various grubs in golfcourses and lawns

26
Existing old markets that could be
(re-)entered easy

• Larvanem/Terranem ((?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????
  ???
• Softfruit like strawberries, blackberries
• ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ? ...)
  )
• Golfcourses, grassland ( (???? ??? ???
• Ornamentals ((?????? ?????
• Tree nurseries ((????????
• Entonem?????? ????? ?????? ???
  
• Ornamentals ( (?????? ?????
• Fresh herbs ( (?????? ???? ????
• Mushroom production ((????? ????

27
New markets and possibilities

• Entonem/ St.feltiae
• Vine weevil at low temperatures (early spring or
  late autumn)
• Thrips in Chrysanthemum
• Out doors vegetables (carrot, cabbage)
• Capsanem/ St.carpocapsae
• Hylobius abietis, large pine weevil
• Caterpillars
• leatherjackets

28
Efficacy of Entonem against O.sulcatus and
T.molitor in a bio-assay trial at 5C ????? ?????
?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 5
29
Effect of Capsanem against C.chalcitis under semi
field conditions on cucumber )
) Full grown cucumber plants, 2500 nematodes/ml,
1500 L/ha
30
LARVANEM against vine weevil
31
SCIA-RID against mushroom flies ????? ???-???
???? ????
32
TERRANEM against chafer grubs ????? ????? ????