Title: UNIT-I INTRODUCTION AND ULTRASONIC MACHINING
1UNIT-IINTRODUCTION AND ULTRASONIC MACHINING
- Subject Non-Traditional Machining (ME 635)
- N.RAM KUMAR M.E.,
- ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
- CHRIST UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
- BANGALORE
2SYLLABUS
- UNIT 1
13 Hours - INTRODUCTION History, Classification, comparison
between conventional and Nonconventional
machining process selection. - ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM) Introduction,
equipment, tool materials tool size, abrasive
slurry, cutting tool system design- Effect of
parameter Effect of amplitude and frequency and
vibration, Effect of abrasive grain diameter,
effect of applied static load, effect of slurry,
tool work material, USM process
characteristics Material removal rate, tool
wear, Accuracy, surface finish, applications,
advantages Disadvantages of USM. - UNIT 2
11 Hours - ABRASIVE JET MACHINING (AJM) Introduction,
Equipment, Variables in AJM Carrier Gas, Type of
abrasive, size of abrasive grain, velocity of the
abrasive jet, mean number. Abrasive particles per
unit volume of the carrier gas, work material,
stand off distance (SOD), nozzle design, shape of
cut. Process characteristics-Material removal
rate, Nozzle wear, Accuracy surface finish.
Applications, advantages Disadvantages of AJM. - Water Jet Machining Principle, Equipment,
Operation, Application, Advantages and
limitations of water Jet machinery
3SYLLABUS
- UNIT 3
12 Hours
ELECTROCHEMICAL
MACHINING (ECM) Introduction, study of ECM
machine, Elements of ECM process
Cathode tool, Anode work piece, source of DC
power, Electrolyte, Chemistry of the process, ECM
Process characteristics Material removal rate,
Accuracy, surface finish, ECM Tooling ECM
tooling technique example, Tool insulation
materials, Tool size Electrolyte flow
arrangement, Handling of slug, Economics of ECM,
Applications such as Electrochemical turning,
Electrochemical Grinding, Electrochemical Honing,
deburring, Advantages, Limitations. - CHEMICAL MACHINING (CHM) Introduction, elements
of process Preparation of work piece,
preparation of masters, masking with photo
resists, etching for blanking, accuracy of
chemical blanking, applications of chemical
blanking, chemical milling (contour machining)
process steps masking, Etching, Process
characteristics of CHM material removal rate,
accuracy, surface finish, Hydrogen embrittlement,
advantages application of CHM.
4SYLLABUS
- UNIT - 4
11 Hours
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
Introduction, mechanism of metal removal,
dielectric fluid, spark generator, EDM tools
(electrodes) Electrode feed control, Electrode
manufacture, Electrode wear, EDM tool design,
choice of machining operation, electrode material
selection, under sizing and length of electrode,
machining time. Flushing pressure flushing,
suction flushing, side flushing, pulsed flushing
synchronized with electrode movement, EDM process
characteristics metal removal rate, accuracy,
surface finish, Heat Affected Zone. Machine tool
selection, Application, EDM accessories /
applications, electrical discharge grinding,
Traveling wire EDM. - UNIT 5
13
Hours - PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM) Introduction,
equipment, non-thermal generation of plasma,
selection of gas, Mechanism of metal removal, PAM
parameters, process characteristics. Safety
precautions, Applications, Advantages and
limitations. - LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM) Introduction,
equipment of LBM mechanism of metal removal, LBM
parameters, Process characteristics,
Applications, Advantages limitations. - ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM) Principles,
equipment, operations, applications, advantages
and limitation of EBM.
5INTRODUCTION
- What is Engineering?
- Engineering (from Latin ingenium, meaning
"cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive,
devise") is the application of scientific,
economic, social, and practical knowledge in
order to invent, design, build, maintain, and
improve structures, machines, devices, systems,
materials and processes. - Engineering is the Study of Design and working of
any system.
6INTRODUCTION
- What is Mechanical Engineering?
- Mechanical Engineering is one of the major
activities in the engineering profession and its
principles are involved in the design, study,
development and construction of nearly all of the
physical devices and systems.
7INTRODUCTION
8INTRODUCTION
9INTRODUCTION
- Types of Manufacturing Processes
- Manufacturing processes can be broadly divided
into two groups - Primary manufacturing processes
- Secondary manufacturing processes.
- The Primary manufacturing process provides basic
shape and size to the material as per designers
requirement. For example Casting, forming,
powder metallurgy processes provide the basic
shape and size. - The Secondary manufacturing processes provide the
final shape and size with tighter control on
dimension, surface characteristics etc. Most of
Material removal processes are mainly the
secondary manufacturing processes.
10INTRODUCTION
- Material removal processes can be further divided
into mainly two groups - 1. Conventional Machining Processes
- 2. Non-Traditional Manufacturing Processes
- Examples of conventional machining processes are
turning, boring, milling, shaping, - broaching, slotting, grinding etc.
- Examples of non conventional ( or also called non
traditional or unconventional) are - Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM),
- Ultrasonic Machining (USM),
- Water Jet and Abrasive Water Jet Machining (WJM
and AWJM), - Electro-discharge Machining (EDM) ,
- Electro Chemical Machining (ECM).
11CONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS
- Generally macroscopic chip formation by shear
deformation - Material removal takes place due to application
of cutting forces energy domain can be
classified as mechanical - Cutting tool is harder than work piece at room
temperature as well as under machining conditions
12CONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS
13COMPARISON
Conventional Non Conventional
Chip Formation Generally macroscopic chip formation by shear deformation. Material removal may occur with chip formation or even no chip formation may take place. For example in AJM, chips are of microscopic size and in case of Electrochemical machining material removal occurs due to electrochemical dissolution at atomic level
Tool There may be a physical tool present. for example a cutting tool in a Lathe Machine, There may not be a physical tool present. For example in laser jet machining, machining is carried out by laser beam. However in Electrochemical Machining there is a physical tool that is very much required for machining.
14Conventional Non Conventional
Characteristic of Tool Cutting tool is harder than work piece at room temperature as well as under machining conditions There may not be a physical tool present. For example in laser jet machining, machining is carried out by laser beam. However in Electrochemical Machining there is a physical tool that is very much required for machining.
Material Removal Process Material removal takes place due to application of cutting forces energy domain can be classified as mechanical Mostly NTM processes do not necessarily use mechanical energy to provide material removal. They use different energy domains to provide machining. For example, in USM, AJM, WJM mechanical energy is used to machine material, whereas in ECM electrochemical dissolution constitutes material removal.
15Conventional Non Conventional
Tool Contact Conventional machining involves the direct contact of tool and work piece Whereas unconventional machining does not require the direct contact of tool and work piece.
Surface Finish Lower accuracy and surface finish. Higher accuracy and surface finish.
16Conventional Non Conventional
Material Economy Suitable for every type of material economically. Not Suitable for every type of material economically
Tool Life Tool life is less due to high surface contact and wear. Tool life is more
Material Wastage Higher waste of material due to high wear. Lower waste of material due to low or no wear.
Noise Level Noisy operation mostly cause sound pollutions Quieter operation mostly no sound pollutions are produced.
Cost Lower capital cost Higher Capital Cost
17Conventional Non Conventional
Equipment Setup Easy set-up of equipment. Complex set-up equipment.
Operator level Skilled or un-skilled operator may required Skilled operator required.
Process Generally they are manual to operate. Generally they are fully automated process.
Efficiency They cannot be used to produce prototype parts very efficiently and economically. Can be used to produce prototype parts very efficiently And economically.
Spare Parts Easily Available Not so easily available
18ULTRASONIC MACHINING
- Introduction.
- Equipment.
- Tool Materials and Tool Size and Abrasive Slurry.
- Cutting tool system design
- Effect of parameter Effect of amplitude and
frequency and vibration. - Effect of abrasive grain diameter.
- Effect of applied static load.
- Effect of slurry, tool and work material.
- USM process characteristics Material removal
rate, tool wear, Accuracy, surface finish,
applications, - Advantages Disadvantages of USM.
19INTRODUCTION
- What is the Difference between Frequency,
Wavelength and Amplitude? - Frequency tells us how many waves pass through a
point at a second. - Wavelength tells us the length of those waves.
- Amplitude tells us how big the wave is.
- In USM, abrasives contained in a slurry are
driven against the work by a tool oscillating at
low amplitude (25-100 microns) and high frequency
(15-30 kHz).
20PRINCIPLE
- The machining zone (between the tool and the work
piece) is flooded with hard abrasive particles
generally in the form of water based slurry. - As the tool vibrates over the work piece,
abrasive particles acts as indenter and indent
both work and tool material . - Abrasive particles , as they indent , the work
material would remove the material from both tool
and work piece. - In Ultrasonic machining material removal is due
to crack initiation, propagation and brittle
fracture of material.
21EQUIPMENT
22EQUIPMENT
- Ultrasonic Machining consists of
- High Power sine wave generator.
- Magneto-strictive Transducer.
- Tool Holder.
- Tool.
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24High Power Sine Wave Generator
- This unit converts low frequency (50 Hz)
electrical power to high frequency (20kHz)
electrical power.
25TRANSDUCER
- The high frequency electrical signal is
transmitted to traducer which converts it into
high frequency low amplitude vibration. - Essentially transducer converts electrical energy
to mechanical vibration. There are two types of
transducer used - 1. Piezo electric transducer
- 2. Magneto-stricitve transducer.
26MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSDUCER
- These transducer are made of nickel , nickel
alloy sheets. - Their conversion efficiency is about 20-30.
- Such transducers are available up to 2000 Watts.
- The maximum change in length can be achieved is
about 25 microns.
27TOOL HOLDER OR HORN
- The tool holder holds and connects the tool to
the transducer. It virtually transmits the energy
and in some cases, amplifies the amplitude of
vibration. - Material of tool should have good acoustic
properties, high resistance to fatigue cracking. - Due measures should be taken to avoid ultrasonic
welding between transducer and tool holder. - Commonly used tool holders are Monel, titanium,
stainless steel. - Tool holders are more expensive, demand higher
operating cost.
28TOOL
- Tools are made of relatively ductile materials
like Brass, Stainless steel or Mild steel so that
Tool wear rate (TWR) can be minimized. - The value of ratio of TWR and MRR depends on kind
of abrasive, work material and tool materials.
29Mechanism of Material Removal
30Material Removal Models in USM
- The following are the Material Removal Models
used in USM - 1. Throwing of abrasive grains.
- 2. Hammering of abrasive grains.
- 3. Cavitations in the fluid medium arising out of
ultrasonic vibration of tool. - 4. Chemical erosion due to micro agitations.
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33Effect of Slurry, Tool and Work Material
- MRR increases with slurry concentration.
- Slurry saturation occurs at 30 to 40
abrasive/water mixture. - Material Removal rate drops with increasing
viscosity. - The pressure with which the slurry is fed into
the cutting zone affects MRR . - In some cases MRR can be increased even ten
times by supplying the slurry at increased
pressure. - The shape of the tool affects the MRR. Narrower
rectangular tool gives more MRR compared to
square cross section.
34- Conical tool gives twice MRR compared to
cylindrical tool. - The brittle behavior of material is important in
determining the MRR. - Brittle material can be cut at higher rates than
ductile materials.
35APPLICATIONS
- Machining of cavities in electrically
non-conductive ceramics - Used to machine fragile components in which
otherwise the scrap rate is high - Used for multistep processing for fabricating
silicon nitride (Si3N4) turbine blades - Large number of holes of small diameter could be
machined. 930 holes with 0.32mm has been reported
( Benedict, 1973) using hypodermic needles - Used for machining hard, brittle metallic alloys,
semiconductors, glass, ceramics, carbides etc.
36- Used for machining round, square, irregular
shaped holes and surface impressions. - Used in machining of dies for wire drawing,
punching and blanking operations - USM can perform machining operations like
drilling, grinding and milling operations on all
materials which can be treated suitably with
abrasives. - USM has been used for piercing of dies and for
parting off and blanking operations. - USM enables a dentist to drill a hole of any
shape on teeth without any pain
37- Ferrites and steel parts , precision mineral
stones can be machined using USM - USM can be used to cut industrial diamonds
- USM is used for grinding Quartz, Glass, ceramics
- Cutting holes with curved or spiral centre lines
and cutting threads in glass and mineral or
metallo-ceramics.
38ADVANTAGES
- It can be used machine hard, brittle, fragile and
non conductive material - No heat is generated in work, therefore no
significant changes in physical structure of work
material - Non-metal (because of the poor electrical
conductivity) that cannot be machined by EDM and
ECM can very well be machined by USM. - It is burr less and distortion less processes.
- It can be adopted in conjunction with other new
technologies like EDM,ECG,ECM.
39DISADVANTAGES
- Low Metal removal rate.
- It is difficult to drill deep holes, as slurry
movement is restricted. - Tool wear rate is high due to abrasive particles.
Tools made from brass, tungsten carbide, MS or
tool steel will wear from the action of abrasive
grit with a ratio that ranges from 11 to 2001. - USM can be used only when the hardness of work is
more than 45 HRC.
40BEST OF LUCK
41THANK YOU