The Process of Socialization

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The Process of Socialization

• Giddens (2006) Socialisation is the process
  through which culture is passed from generation
  to generation.

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Nature/Nurture debate - Feral Children

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vljVd6XS-J0s
• What does this tell us about the nature/nurture
  argument?

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Agents of socialization-

• These are the people or groups that play a part
  in our socialization. Sometimes they play an
  important part without us realising it.

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Agents of socialisation

• Primary Family
• Secondary Education
• Media
• Peer group
• Religion
• Workplace

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Primary socialization-

• The early years of life are important in the
  learning process. This is the stage of primary
  socialization when we are normally in intimate
  and prolonged contact with our parents.
• We learn -
• Rules of general behaviour Norms and values e.g
  queuing for a bus
• Norms and values associated with gender,
  ethnicity, social class.

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• Our parents are our significant others. They
  have a great influence on us and we care about
  their judgements of us. They play a key part in
  teaching us basic norms and values.
• Parents and family ROLE MODEL behaviour
• We IMITATE
• They use SANCTIONS (Positive and negative)

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Family and Parents

• The majority of children still grow up in a
  family headed by both natural parents.

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• Over the last 30 years there has been an increase
  in the number of lone-parent and step-famliies.
• Family life has therefore become more DIVERSE.
• Whatever the particular family set-up, parental
  figures remain the main agents of primary
  socialization.
• A sense of security during the earliest years has
  been identified as being crucial to developing a
  stable personality later on.

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Learning from parents-

• One way children learn from their parents is
  through IMITATION. They may copy the way their
  parents talk or their table-manners for example.

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• By a process of trial and error and with the
  application of formal and informal sanctions
  (social control) children learn what is
  unacceptable and unacceptable.

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• As children get older they use their parents as
  role-models.

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• The experience of growing up in a family also
  varies according to its social and cultural
  values.
• A Muslim family may ensure that religion plays a
  strong part in a childs upbringing.

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Objectives

• To be able to describe ways that gender roles
  develop through primary socialisation
• Develop a deep understanding of how gender
  socialisation affects peoples behaviour
• Consider how other agents of socialisation
  transmit gender roles.

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Develop deep understanding

• Gender roles are about- attributes, character,
  roles, jobs, and expectations of society.
• Are peoples lives determined by their gender?
• How does this lesson relate to the nature/nurture
  debate in Sociology?
• Why has gender role socialisation changed since
  the 1950s?
• Which particular expectations of males or females
  are still going strong in 2014?

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Gender Roles

• Watch these clips and jot down ways we learn to
  be feminine and masculine.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-VqsbvG40Ww
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vVL8Jf_7da_Q

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Task in small groups 10 minutes

• Read the work of Anne Oakley in handout
• Write up keywords in your glossary
• Discuss examples of-
• Manipulation
• Canalization
• Verbal Appellations
• Different activities for boys and girls

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Extension - Agents of Socialisation

• 5 minutes in your groups
• We have discussed how gender roles are formed
  within the family, what about other agents of
  socialisation. How might these agents put
  pressure on us to conform to gender roles? Jot
  down your ideas.
• Peer groups
• Schools
• Media
• Workplace

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Extension

• From your own knowledge think about ways that
  gender roles are displayed in the media, TV,
  films, magazines.
• Write down specific examples

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Plenary develop deep understanding

• Gender roles are about- attributes, character,
  roles, jobs, and expectations of society.
• Are peoples lives determined by their gender?
• How does this lesson relate to the nature/nurture
  debate in Sociology?
• Why has gender role socialisation changed since
  the 1950s?
• Which particular expectations of males or
  females that are still going strong in2014?

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Secondary socialisation

• Education
• From the age of 5 in the Uk the family continues
  to be important for socialisation but Education
  also plays a big role. We are taught in two
  ways-
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vquzGekDaP88feature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?veY2hpAOJTRQ

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Activity

• Use the textbook to make your own notes on the
  following-
• Formal Curriculum
• Formal Social Control in schools
• Informal (hidden) Curriculum
• Informal Social Control in schools.

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Plenary questions

• How do you think Functionalists might view the
  hidden curriculum?
• How do you think Marxists might view the use of
  the hidden curriculum
• How do you think Feminists might view the hidden
  curriculum
• Give an example of a formal sanction used by a
  school
• Give an example of informal sanction used by peer
  groups.

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Recap

• The two kinds of social control
• Agent of primary socialisation
• Two agents of secondary socialisation
• One way that parents ensure appropriate gender
  behaviour is learned.
• Phrase used to describe the teaching of social
  skills in school.
• Name for teaching of knowledge like maths and
  English

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Objectives

• To be able to describe ways that the media
  influences socialisation
• To answer and peer assess a real exam question.

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The Mass Media

• The media has an impact on the development of
  gender roles, ethnic identity and social class
  identities.
• Media includes?

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How does it happen?

• What were the three ways that children learn
  norms and values and ways of behaving from their
  parents?
• ???
• Can these be applied to the media?
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vqsy3BblcjCA
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vypIbTpnuNggfeature
  related

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Research into influence of media

• McRobbie 1970s found that girls magazines
  tended to encourage romance and keeping a man
  often through domesticity.
• Currie (1999) found dramatic increase in emphasis
  on beautification. Concept of slimblondeness
• Rutherford 2000 onwards - Growth of male
  magazines FHM, Loaded etc.and focus on body
  image.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTp7IP1XB9WYfeature
  player_embedded

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Religion

• Religion can have a profound effect on
  socialisation.
• Recent TV program about Amish teenagers!
• The UK has been changing and becoming more
  Secularised
• BSA (2006) found that in 1964 26 did not
  identify with any religion. By 2006 this rose to
  69.

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Peer Group

• Some peer groups develop which are conforming to
  norms e.g boys playing football on the field and
  excluding girls.
• Some form as an expression of rebellion against
  the norm e.g Youth subcultures e.g emos,
• Groups often form around issues of commonality
  e.g ethnicity, gender, class.
• Each group has norms and values and we are
  encouraged to conform through peer group pressure
  rewards and sanctions

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Describe the norms and values

• Geeks
• Boffs
• Plastics
• Emo kids
• Lads
• ??????? Any others
• What would you have to do to become a member of
  their culture?

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Functionalists

• These are generally American thinkers.
• They say that the purpose of socialisation is to
  unite society in a set of shared norms and
  values.
• This is a consensus sociology.
• Talcott Parsons said that all societies have
  functional prerequisites which must be met and
  shared culture provides for these needs.

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Marxists

• These people say that the purpose of
  socialisation is to control the weak and
  defenceless and to give them the ideas that the
  powerful promote.
• People are taught an ideology
• This is known as conflict sociology.
• Socialisation is conditioning which prepares the
  masses for exploitation

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Feminism and Socialisation

• Oakley (1974) Socialisation perpetuates gender
  inequality. Gender differences are due to
  culture not biology.
• Thorne (1993) School systems also reinforce
  gender differences.
• Socialisation is preparing us for differentiated
  gender roles and to accept patriarchy.

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Objectives

• Know all the agents of socialisation and be able
  to give examples
• Complete a peer assessed timed essay
• Socialisation through education and the media
  what would the perspectives say about this?

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Part b) 10 marks 10 minutes

• This will ask you about-
• Culture transmission
• Agents of Socialisation (primary and secondary)
• Processes involved in socialisation (formal and
  informal social control) e.g
• Using material from the item and your own
  knowledge, describe and explain the ways in which
  any two agents of socialisation can influence
  behaviour. 15
• AO1 - There should be 4 points made showing
  knowledge and accurate and appropriate use of
  sociological terms should be evident for full
  marks.
• AO2 - At least 3 of those points will be
  explained with examples or reference to the item.

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Peer Assessed Activity

• Explain the meaning of the term Socialisation
  and describe the ways in which children may be
  socialised. (15 Marks)

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Timed Essay Plan

• P What is Socialisation (Giddens,2006) and
  distinguish between primary and secondary.
  Include the HOW Imitation, Role Modelling and
  Sanctions
• E Give an example of both e.g Oakley
• A Therefore Culture is transmitted via ongoing
  process of socialisation.
• E Functionalists argue this is a good thing for
  social solidarity however what would Marxists
  say?
• P Describe one agent of socialisation
  education example, evaluation, and analysis
  (use perspectives)
• P Describe another agent Media example,
  evaluation and analysis (mention gender roles -
  McRobbie)
• Short conclusion summarising/analysing

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Peer Assess

• 3 marks - They have described HOW the
  family/media/education influences socialisation
  through imitation, role modelling and sanctions.
• 2 marks They have included examples of the
  above?
• 2 marks They have included one piece of
  research evidence/name of theorist
• 2 marks they have included a second piece of
  research evidence/name of theorist
• 1 marks The explanation is clearly
  communicated.

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Whats the value?

• Queuing at a bus stop
• Washing your hands after using the toilet -
• Offenders are rehabilitated to make a
  contribution to society
• Putting rubbish in the bin -
• Buying new clothes
• Not being late for work/school
• Smoking.swearing and wearing jog bottoms
• Buying a new sports car

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Timed essay plan

• Using the item explain the meaning of the term
  values
• (5marks)
• You need to make three clear points
• 1. Define the term
• 2. Give examples using the item and others and
  use key terms
• 3. Refer to theory or research.

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Plenary

• Write an improvement target for your partner and
  discuss it with them.