Woodrow Wilsons 14 points

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Woodrow Wilsons 14 points

• I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at. .
  .
• II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas
  . . .
• III. The removal, so far as possible, of all
  economic barriers and the establishment of an
  equality of trade conditions among all the
  nations consenting to the peace and associating
  themselves for its maintenance. . . .
• IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that
  national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
  point consistent with domestic safety. . . .
• V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial
  adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
  strict observance of the principle that in
  determining all such questions of sovereignty the
  interests of the populations concerned must have
  equal weight with the equitable claims of the
  government whose title is to be determined.

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• VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and
  such a settlement of all questions affecting
  Russia as will secure the best and freest
  cooperation of the other nations of the world in
  obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed
  opportunity for the independent determination of
  her own political development . . .
• VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be
  evacuated and restored, without any attempt to
  limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common
  with all other free nations.
• VIII. All French territory should be freed and
  the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done
  to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of
  Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of
  the world for nearly fifty years, should be
  righted, in order that peace may once more be
  made secure in the interest of all.

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• IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy
  should be effected along clearly recognizable
  lines of nationality.
• X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place
  among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and
  assured, should be accorded the freest
  opportunity to autonomous development.
• XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be
  evacuated occupied territories restored
• XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman
  Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
  but the other nationalities which are now under
  Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
  security of life and an absolutely unmolested
  opportunity of autonomous development . . .
• XIII. An independent Polish state should be
  erected . . .

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Article 14 of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen points

• XIV. A general association of nations must be
  formed under specific covenants for the purpose
  of affording mutual guarantees of political
  independence and territorial integrity to great
  and small states alike. . . .
• (Article Ten of the League Members of Leagues
  Executive Council could declare sanctions against
  an aggressor nation in a war).

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Keynes three criticisms ofthe Treaty of
Versailles

• Transported too many raw materials from Germany
  to France
• Stripped Germany of its overseas investments,
  merchant marine system, and right to levy tariffs
• Burdened Germany with 33 billion dollars in
  reparations (U.S. GDP in 1919 70 billion)

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John Hays Open Door Notes (1899)

• Each great power must maintain free access ports
• Only the Chinese government can collect trade
  taxes
• No great power with a sphere in China should be
  exempted from paying border taxes

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The German inflation of the 1920s
Germany prints money to pay off France 1 USD
100,000 German Marks
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the international debt mess of the 1920s . . . .
What if there was a stock market crash in the
United States???
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The Seattle General Strike of 1919
Labor will not only SHUT DOWN the industries,
but Labor will REOPEN, under the management of
the appropriate trades, such activities as are
needed to preserve public health and public
peace. If the strike continues, Labor may feel
led to avoid public suffering by reopening more
and more activities. UNDER ITS OWN
MANAGEMENT. And that is why we say that we are
starting on a road that leads NO ONE KNOWS
WHERE! Anna Louise Strong, 1919
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Warren G. Harding, 1920

• Americas present need is
• not heroics, but healing
• not nostrums, but normalcy
• not revolution, but restoration
• not agitation, but adjustment
• not surgery, but serenity
• not the dramatic, but the dispassionate
• not experiment, but equipoise
• not submergence in internationality,
• but sustainment in triumphant nationality.

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harding era laws for women

• Sheppard Towner Act Federal money for nurses,
  pre-natal care and child care.
• American Medical Association called it
  bolshevistic.
• Roman Catholic church called it government
  intrusion into the family
• Cable Act
• Women dont have to forfeit their citizenship if
  they marry a non-citizen.

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equal rights amendments

• 1920s
• Men and women shall have equal rights throughout
  the United States and every place subject to its
  jurisdiction.
• 1970s
• Equality of rights under the law shall not be
  denied or abridged by the United States or by
  any state on account of sex.
• 14th amendment, equal protection under the laws .
  . .

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The 18th Amendment, 1919

• After one year from the ratification of this
  article the manufacture, sale, or transportation
  of intoxicating liquors within, the importation
  thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the
  United States and all territory subject to the
  jurisdiction therefore for beverage purposes is
  hereby prohibited.

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the harding scandals, 1921-1924 the government
that governs least, chooses the least to govern

• Charles Forbes of the Veteran Administration
• Jess Smith and Harry Daughtry
• The Teapot Dome Scandal
• the fall of Albert Fall
• Harding dies in San Francisco at the Palace Hotel
  on Market and 3rd Street
• His wife raises suspicions by refusing to permit
  an autopsy

Albert Fall Harry Daughtry
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American terroriststhe return of the ku klux
klan in the 1920s

• you pay a klecktoken
• to your kleagle
• diversify your hate to include not just
  Black-Americans but Mexicans, Jews, Catholics,
  Japanese-Americans, French Canadians, whoever . .
  .
• go to klaverns (huge communal outings)
• myth the klan only operated in the deep south
• big in new jersey, detroit, pittsburgh, chicago,
  oklahoma, michigan, and oregon

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klan strategy intimidate through terror

• lynch blacks for getting too prominent
  economically or politically (and say it was
  because they made a move on a white woman)
• murder or assault whites for establishing
  political or economic alliances with blacks

• 2,500 public floggings in one year in Oklahoma
  (where a klansman was governor)

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the klansmans anti-immigrant creed . . .

• I believe in the limitation of foreign
  immigration. I am a native-born American citizen
  and I believe my rights in this country are
  superior to foreigners.

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height of the klan

• 5 million members by 1923
• July 4th, 1923 100,000 Klan members pack a park
  in Kokomo, Indiana
• November, 1923 75,000 Klan members show up for
  Ku Klux Klan Day in Texas
• 1920 Oklahoma has a Klan governor
• 1922 Texas has a Klan senator
• 1924 generally estimated that half the
  Democratic National Convention delegates secretly
  belong to the Klan

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decline (but not fall) of the klan

• corruption and sex scandals discredit the klan
• anti-immigration laws make the klan seem less
  necessary
• disillusionment over prohibition makes klan
  stance against alcohol less popular

• multiracial coalitions in the north literally
  drive the klan out of town

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Eugenics

• Control reproduction to encourage breeding of the
  fit and discourage breeding of the unfit

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1921 immigration quota

• Quota on all nationalities coming into the United
  States, on a yearly basis
• 3 percent of the current total of said
  nationality presently in the U.S.
• with a total ceiling of 357,803 immigrants a year
• no more than 20 percent of the quota can come
  into the United States in a month

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1924 National Origins Act

• tougher quota on all nationalities immigrating to
  the United States
• each nationality limited annually to 2 percent of
  its total presence in the United States . . .
• . . . based on the 1890 census
• What does this mean?
• (hint relatively few Eastern Europeans or
  Italians in the United States in 1890)

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Ozawa vs. United States, 1922
Bhagat Singh Tindh vs. United States, 1923

• U.S. rejects naturalization (citizenship) for
  Japanese immigrants
• Argues that they could never assimilate with
  white people, not being caucasian.

• U.S. rejects Indian request for citizenship (even
  though race classification books the court used
  define them as caucasian).
• Argues that whiteness should be based on a
  common understanding of the white man.