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Drought Coping Strategies in Rajasthan

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Title: Drought Coping Strategies in Rajasthan


1
Drought Coping Strategiesin Rajasthan
  • Dr. Dalbir Singh,
  • Seva Mandir, Udaipur, India

2
Objectives
  • Assessment of socio-economic impacts of droughts
    on communities and households and to analyze the
    coping strategies in both short and long terms.
  • Review of the past and current Government and
    Non-Government programs and initiatives in
    Drought mitigation in Rajasthan.

3
Methodology
  • To assess the impact of drought on socio-economic
    conditions of the village and household levels,
    multi-stage random sampling method was
    considered.
  • The present study was conducted in eight
    different agro climatic regions. Keeping in mind
    the severity of drought conditions, two tehsils
    were selected randomly from each agro-climatic
    zone.
  • From each tehsil/ block four representative
    villages were selected. From each village, twenty
    households representing different socio-economic
    categories of the households were selected.
  • The selected households were grouped in four
    categories such as very poor, poor, medium and
    better off. These categories were made on the
    bases of annual income of the households.

4
Study Area
5
Agro-Climatic Zones in Rajasthan
6
Economic Impact Agriculture Loss
Source Field Survey  
7
Economic Impact- Livestock loss
8
Economic Impact - Average Household Income
9
Economic Impact- sources of household income()
10
Social Impact Status of Consumption Expenditure
Across the Regions
11
Social ImpactPer Capita Monthly Consumption of
Food items (kg)
Source Field Survey and State level estimates
were from Dyson and Hanchate, 2000
12
Social Impact Expenditure
13
Drought Coping Strategies
  • Risk Minimizing Strategies
  • Land Improvement and Land use pattern
  • Mixed Cropping Pattern
  • Mix Farming System
  • Loss Management Strategies
  • Disposal of Assets
  • Use of Vegetation
  • Institutional Arrangement
  • Drinking Water Management Practices
  • Caste System and Usage of Drinking Water
  • Village institutions including Water Users
  • Social Capital

14
Strategies-Cropping Pattern
Source Field Study
15
Strategies Land use Pattern
Source Field Study
16
Strategies-Disposal of Assets
Source Field Study
17
Strategies Migration
18
Institutional Interventions in Drought Mitigation
Programme
19
Lessons Learnt
  • Limited presence of non-government institutions
  • Conflicts within the society resulted in
    deterioration
  • of natural resources.
  • Village cohesion through establishing efficient
    institutional arrangement resulted to natural
    resources conservation and regeneration in
    sustainable manner.
  • Emergence of new institutions like Village
    Development Fund that leads toward
    self-sufficiency.
  • It is not essential that intervention in natural
    resources management favour poor considerably.

20
Lessons Learnt, cont..
  • Peoples participation is one of the important
    issues that play an important role in the success
    of any intervention.
  • Efficient management of the Irrigation schemes
    can give the desirable resulted in improving the
    economic condition of the poor households.
  • There exist gaps in case of property rights and
    ground realities that is the major problem for
    the intervention by any organization.
  • Undefined use right on Grazing land/Cprs
  • Due to lack of efficient marketing facilities
    rural artisans are exploited.


21
Conclusions -Resource Base
  • Availability of resources both man-made and
    natural, determines intensity of drought and
    capacity of the household in coping the adverse
    situation.
  • Reliability and quality of the resources in
    general and water in particular is one of the
    major concerns that affect the living beings.
  • The socio-economic conditions of the households
    are also determined by the agro-climatic
    conditions of the regions.
  • The resource poor households have to depend on
    the non-farm activities for their livelihood
    whereas other households derive their income from
    both agriculture and service sector.

22
Conclusions -Impact Assessment
  • Peoples perception and their traditional
    considerations regarding drought and its
    emergence have their own importance.
  • Agriculture one of the most affected sectors,
    which has the further adverse implications on the
    households. More than one-third decrease in
    cropped are is registered that resulted in more
    than two-third decrease in income from this
    sector.
  • There is considerable loss to the livestock
    enterprise. Around 40 loss from this enterprise
    to households was recoded in terms of death of
    animal and sold out at the undesirable price.
  • Decrease in household income is also recorded as
    one-forth of the income that earned during the
    normal period. Interestingly, poor households
    remained least effected in earning income as
    compared to normal period.
  • Broadly, consumption of food items remained
    unaffected during drought conditions as compared
    to normal period.
  • Drought has the strong environmental implication
    as depletion of resources both water and land
    based.

23
Conclusions Coping Strategy
  • Households adopt the strategies in such a way
    that may helpful in minimizing the risk factor
    that caused to uncertainties.
  • The other strategies that are adopted by the
    households are loss management
  • The institutional arrangement within and outside
    the households for minimizing the risk factor and
    managing the losses efficiently is one of the
    important instrument.

24
Conclusions Institutional Arrangements
  • The presence of government agencies is found
    largely in both drought proofing and mitigation
    programmes while presence of non-government
    institutions was limited.
  • The different sections of the society have the
    different view point on drought mitigation
    programme as farming community prefer drought
    proofing activities and non-farming community
    like relief work in the respective areas.
  •  
  • Institutional breakdown at village level resulted
    in resource crises
  • Involvement of the communities in planning and
    management of any development programme is
    essential for both government and non-government
    organizations initiatives.
  • The emergence of new village institutions like
    Village Development Fund is important for
    empowering the village communities.
  • Policies of the organizations are the major
    concerns for the implementation of drought
    mitigation programme.

25
Policy implications Drought Relief work
  • Availability and accessibility to the basic
    amenities.
  • Early starting of relief work should be the
    priority of the institutions involved in drought
    mitigation programme.
  •  
  • Credit and input facilities to both farming and
    non-farming communities.

26
Policy Implications -Drought Proofing Work
  • There is urgent need to revive the traditional
    village institutions and strengthen them.
  • Involvement of the peoples in the whole process
    of implementation of drought mitigation programme
    is essential.
  • Selection of the sites for the installation
    projects should be pro-poor.
  • Clarity in Property rights and ground realities.
  • Non-farm activities should be developed keeping
    in view the local resources available along with
    the efficient marketing facilities.
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