Effects of CFCs on Environment

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Effects of CFCs on Environment
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Environment
Air in the atmosphere is boundary-less and
contains 78 N2, 20.99 O2, 0.03 CO2, 0.01 H2
and balance 0.94 other gases including O3, water
vapours etc.
Exosphere1000 km Ionosphere 500 km Mesosphere 100
km
Research Balloon
Protective natural Ozone layer
Stratosphere
Supersonic aircraft Limit of most clouds
Mount Everest
Troposphere
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Ozone
Ozone (O3) a natural gas with a molecule of
three atoms of oxygen, bluish in colour.
Only 3 molecules in every 10 million air
molecules Concentration of ozone molecules -
Ozone layer ( 90 of the planets ozone found
in stratosphere ). Forms destroys
naturally Sunlight a main energy source for
natures cycle. Absorbs UV-B radiation that is
harmful to living organisms. Ground level O3
is harmful air pollutant
Formation
Destruction
UV radiation shorter than 200 nm
UV radiation 200 - 300 nm
O2 ---------------------------------- 2 O O
O2 ------------------------------- O3
O3 --------------------------------- O2 O OO3
--------------------------------- 2 O2
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Ultra Violet Radiation
One type of invisible radiant energy emitted by
Sun Classified into 3 categories based on their
wave length (shorter wave lengths are more
energetic than longer)
Radiation Wave length Status UV-A 320 - 400
nm Not dangerous to life on earth. UV-B 280 -
320 nm Dangerous to life on earth though 2-3
reaches. UV-C 200 - 280 nm Absorbed by Oxygen
Ozone in atmosphere
(1 nano meter nm equals to a millionth part of
millimeter)
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History of CFCs/ODSs
1840 Atmospheric Ozone Discovered 1931 Use of
CFC-12/11 Begun 1936 HCFC-22 Invented 1970 Discov
ered Chlorines Ability to Destroy
Ozone 1984 Confirmed CFCs Role in Damaging O3
Layer 1987 Montreal Protocol - Protection of
Ozone Layer through Phaseout of ODS
1990 HFC-134a Used in Refrigerator - Substitute
for CFC-12 1992 India Signed Montreal Protocol,
HCs Became Refrigerants in Europe. 1996/2010
CFC Phased Out (Industrialized/Developing
Countries) 2030/2040 Phase Out Of HCFC
(Industrialized/Developing Countries)
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Status of Ozone 1980 - 91
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Status of Ozone July 2002

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Environmental Impact of CFCs
Ozone depletion
Global warming
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Effect of CFCs on Stratospheric Ozone
CFC - 12
UV radiation lt 260nm
Cl C F Cl F
2 O2
O3
Cl
Cl
ClO
C
F
O3 O2
F
CCl 2F2 CClF2 Cl Cl O ClO
Chlorine monoxide ClO O O2 Cl
1 Atom of Cl break 100,000 molecules of O3
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Effect of CFCs on Stratospheric Ozone
CFC - 11
Series of Reaction
CFCl3
UV Radiation
Chlorine Monoxide
Free Chlorine Radical
UV Radiation
Chlorine Radical
Ozone O3
CFCl2
Oxygen Molecule O2
1 Atom of Cl break 100,000 molecules of O3
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Effects of Damaged Ozone Layer

• Moderate exposure to sunlight in daily life not
  harmful, given vitamin D.
• UV-B radiation that damages ozone layer from
  filtration ultimately reaches earth causing
  damage to life.

Eye Damage
Skin Cancer
Aqua Life Animals
Suppresses Body Immune System
Plant life / Crops Air Quality Deterioration
of Some Synthetics etc.
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ODSs Global Consumption
Global Consumption of ODS 110, 667 Tonnes
1997
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Ozone Depletion Global Warming Potentials
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Ratio of impact
on Ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of
a similar mass of CFC-11. Global Warming
Potential (GWP) Ratio of warming caused by a
substance to the warming caused by a similar mass
of CO2.
Chemical Formula ODP GWP Atm.
life CFC-11 CCl3F 1.00 3800 60 CFC-12 CCl2F
2 1.00 8500 103 HCFC-22 CHClF2 0.055 1500 1
5 HFC-134a CF3CH2F 0.00 1300 16 HCFC-141b CH3C
FCl2 0.10 600 3 Carbon dioxide CO2 0.00
1 120 Isobutane C-600a C4H10 0.00
3 lt 1 Propane C-290 C3H8 0.00 3 lt
1 HC Blend C-6001290 C4H10 C3H8 0.00
3 lt 1
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Montreal Protocol

• Montreal Protocol for phase out of ODS including
  CFCs signed on 16/09/1987
• (ODS CFCs, Halons, HCFCs, Methyl
  chloroform, Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl bromide
  etc.)
• 183 countries signed the Protocol till September
  2002
• India become a partner on 17/09/1992
• Last year of all ODS phase-out
• CFC - 1996 for developed countries and 2010
  for developing countries
• HCFC - 2030 for developed countries and 2040 for
  developing countries
• Restriction in trading of ODS with countries who
  havent signed protocol
• Reporting of production, import export data on
  each ODS by all countries

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Indias ODS Phase out Rules 2000

• Framed under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
  by MoEF, GOI
• Seeks control in production, consumption, export,
  import, sale destruction of ODS
• No manufacturing of CFC-based RAC appliances
  after 1st Jan. 2003
• Rules operational with effect from 19th July 2000
  
• Compulsory registration of
• ODS producers, manufacturers of ODS based
  products and compressors
• ( Form 11 (rule 1/8) - for users of ODS -
  refrigerants etc.
• Registration of business capital more than
  Rs. 1 crore with MoEF rest with SISI/SSIs)
• Traders/ Dealers/ Wholesalers/ Sellers of ODS
• Organizations engaged in reclamation
  destruction of ODS etc.
• Trade in ODS with non parties to MP banned

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Indias ODS Phase-out Schedule
Sr. Activity Date 1 Manufacturing of
Aerosol products or pressurized
dispensers (other than metered doses in
medicine) 01-01-2003 2 Manufacturing of
Polyol for foam products and foam products
including insulation of domestic
refrigerators 01-01-2003 3 Manufacturing of
Fire extinguishers/fire fighting systems
01-01-2001 4 Manufacturing of Mobile AC
charging in automobiles 01-01-2003 5 Manufacturi
ng of RAC products (excluding compressors) 01-01-
2003 6 Servicing of Fire extinguishers/fire
fighting systems 01-01-2010 7 Manufacturing
of metered dose inhalers of medicines 01-01-2010
8 Servicing of RAC products with
CFCs 01-01-2010 9 Use of methyl bromide
except pre-shipment 01-01-2015 10 Manufacturin
g of products using HCFC 01-01-2040
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Indias CFC Phase-out Schedule
Base level 1995-97
100
90
75 (Manufacturers to Phase out CFC in products )
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CFC Availability
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Complete Phase out
0
31/12/2005
31/12/2007
31/12/2000
1/1/2003
1/1/2010
Period
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Alternative Refrigerants
CFC
F
Cl
C
e.g. R-12
HCFC
HFC
HC
F
Cl
C
F
C
H
H
C
H
e.g. R-22
e.g. R-134a
e.g. R-600a
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HC Blend

• HC blend
• Zeotropic blend of HC290 (Propane) / HC600a
  (Isobutane)
• 50 - 50 by weight (most common)
• Fully miscible with Mineral Oil compatible with
  other compressor materials
• Used in new systems or as drop-in to convert
  system from CFC12 or HFC134a
• Lower running costs

• Storage Handling
• HC Cylinder handling storage similar to LPG
• Preferably store outside workplace
• in a secure, locked place protected from weather
  direct sun
• with no ignition source no smoking within 2
  mtr. of cylinders
• If inside, ensure that it is stored at ground
  floor and above, but not in basements or in a
  residential premise
• Install flammable gas alarm next to the
  cylinders, if in plenty.

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Comparison of HFC HC Technologies

• HFC 134a (Tetrafluoroethene)
• Lower system efficiency.
• Major change in compressor
• manufacturing process.
• Highly sensitive to moisture.
• High degree of cleanliness
• for the whole system.
• Higher potential of system failure
• due to contamination.
• Relatively higher noise level.
• Non-flammable.
• Higher cost of refrigerant and
• lubricant.
• Essential to upgrade servicing
• practices tools.
• Drop-in retrofit not possible

• HC
• Higher system efficiency.
• No change in compressor manufacturing
• Negligible sensitive to moisture.
• Prevalent order of cleanliness for the
• whole system is acceptable.
• Negligible effect of contamination.
• Low noise level
• Flammable.
• Low cost of refrigerant lubricant.
• Existing servicing practices tools may
• be used with safety precautions.
• Drop-in retrofit possible.

W.r.t. CFC
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HC Servicing Procedure

• Venting of HC (with piercing pliers and long pipe
  outside workplace)
• Removal of left over refrigerant (with 2 stage
  vacuum pump)
• Open the brazed joints
• Replace parts (compressor, drier/filter etc.)
• Brazing joints (with recommended filler materials
  flux)
• Leak detection (with leak detector or soap
  solution)
• Evacuation (with 2 stage vacuum pump - 100
  microns)
• Refrigerant charging by weight (digital weighing
  scale)
• Sealing process tube
• Final inspection (performance)

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Safe HC Handling - Flammability
Elements requiring fire
Flammability range, 210 Vol. in air
Fuel
100
0
Unsafe range
Oxygen
Ignition
Ignition Sources
Simple Precautions

• Flames
• brazing torches
• match etc
• Sparks
• unsealed electrical switches
• loose wires/connections
• Static electricity

• Work in well ventilated area
• No smoking
• No ignition sources within 2 m
• Use Dry powder fire extinguisher
• Wear PPEs (gloves, goggles, apron)
• No refrigerant accumulation
• Minimum HC inside

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Service Support for CFC Changeover

• Training
• Technicians engaged by Dealers, Franchisees and
  free lancers (MSET)
• Service Manual
• Training manuals for servicing HFC HC
  refrigeration systems
• Equipment
• Evacuation cum gas charging station with digital
  weighing balance
• Retrofitting kits for existing gas charging
  boards
• Sp. tools/equipments available
• Refrigerant
• Portable aerosol cans (170g) filled with HC
  blend
• Spares
• All spares to suit HC appliances available