Johannes van der Waals: 1910 Nobel for van der Waals equation

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Heike Kammerling Onnes1913 Nobel for liquid
helium
Johannes van der Waals1910 Nobel for van der
Waals equation
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Van der Waals Model
a, b are properties of the material
When they are far apart, they attract each other
slightly (induced charge)
When they come close together, they repel each
other strongly
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(typical compound)
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Isotherms Lines of constant T
Decrease V at 10oC to point B
There should not be more than one P for each V
!!?!?!?!
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What is special about the critical temperature TC
?

• At T gt TC, no distinct gas-liquid transition at
  any P, V

• At T lt TC, there will be a phase transition from
  gas-liquid

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Phase diagram of water
Ice is less dense than water (?Vlt0). As ice
melts, heat has to be added Lgt0 and ?Sgt0, thus
?S/?V lt 0
High pressures want to take up less volume (here,
thats water!)
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Jupiters Moon Europa
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10-100km thick
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Bose Einstein Condensate
As T decreases, atoms behave less like particles
and more like waves
There is a smaller range of velocities that they
can have
They are becoming more and more similar to one
another
until they all have exactly the same speed (0)
and are absolutely indistiguishable from one
another
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Velocity distribution in Bose-Einstein condensate
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Fermions will also condense, but they cant all
be in the same quantum state!
So how does it work???
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Chemical equilibrium
http//www.history.com/encyclopedia/fwne/images/Ch
emicalReactionC3.gif
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http//www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/CEAWeb/
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Chemical equilibrium calculation w/ Gordon
McBride program
1 bar total pressure
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