Odour Measurement and Control

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Odour Measurementand Control
Ken Lomax University of Delaware Newark,
Delaware, USA
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Air Flow and HVAC
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Topics for this presentation Odor Impact
Compounds PA Odor Site Index Straw filter for
ammonia Ozone effect on compounds
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Topics for this presentation Odor Impact
Compounds PA Odor Site Index Straw filter for
ammonia Ozone effect on compounds
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There are more than 100 compounds (chemicals)
found in the air emissions from making mushroom
substrate.
Not all of these compounds cause the same
intensity of human smell --
. some have more impact
than others.
Don Wright calls the special compounds priority
compounds, and I think of them as signature
compounds.
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Aromagram What the person smells, intensity
and characteristic identity.
25 minutes
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Chromatogram and Aromagram for air
sample near mushroom substrate rick
low molecular weight compounds with low odor
intensity
GC-MS Chromatogram Molecular quantity of
separate compounds
B
A
Time in minutes through separation column
Aromagram Nose sensing odor intensity of separate
compounds
B
A
Odor Intensity, relative scale
Example Compounds with different
characteristics
A -- Unknown compound with intense odor, but
relatively few molecules
B -- Para-Cresol has intense odor for relatively
high molecular concentration
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A few compounds determine a characteristic odor
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Individual chemicals
Dimethyl Disulfide
Skatole
Dimethyl Trisulfide
Indole
P-Cresol
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There are more than 100 compounds found in the
air emissions from making mushroom substrate.
Some of the signature compounds for making
mushroom substrate are the same chemicals that
determine a livestock odor.
Compare different mixes of chemicals that humans
associate with different sources. .
Sniff the example mixes.
One livestock odor, swine, has p-Cresol as the
primary compound.
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Topics for this presentation Odor Impact
Compounds PAs Odor Site Index Straw filter
for ammonia Ozone effect on compounds
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Pennsylvanias Odor Site Index
For new livestock facilities, this regulation was
effective Feb 27, 2009.
For new mushroom substrate farms, a proposed Odor
Site Index method has been developed and is being
reviewed.
The concept of the Odor Site Index method is to
evaluate the farm plan in terms of potential
impact of odors on neighbors.
The Odor Site Index method does NOT require, nor
suggest, measuring odors.
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An example of a proposed swine finishing barn

• A beef farmer has proposed a new swine
  facility. He has chosen a location on his farm
  that he thinks will work for transportation
  access and will not interfere with field crops.
  
• Lets see what the Odor Site Index method
  shows for his plan.

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O S I score 130
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Pennsylvanias Odor Site Index, continued
OSI score above 100 determines that the new
facilities will need Level II BMPs for Odor
management.
Most Level II requirements cause additional
expense, in capital, and usually in operation.
For the example swine operation, there could be
air walls, or maybe chimneys for the ventilation
fans, as well as a cover for the manure storage.
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Move swine barn 600 feet
O S I score 87
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Pennsylvanias Odor Site Index, continued
OSI score below 100 is good - as only Level I
BMPs will be needed.
Generally Level I BMPs are procedures that are
typical for well managed livestock farms - not
extra burdens.
For the example swine operation, cleanliness and
timeliness would be typical.
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Pennsylvanias Odor Site Index method may be
applied to new Mushroom Substrate Farms
Advantages to a Mushroom Farm 1. The new
facility will be recognized as a farm and will be
treated as are other farms (animals) with a
source of odor.
2. There will be no measurements of odors nor
emissions chemicals. The method helps to
minimize odor impact, but it does not guarantee
zero smell.
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Pennsylvanias Odor Site Index method may be
applied to new Mushroom Substrate Farms, cont.
Disadvantages to a Mushroom Farm 1. If Level
II BMPs are required to reduce odor emissions,
then air treatment technology might be needed.
(costly)
2. The neighbors may complain about odors, in
spite of the relative reduction in emissions.
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Topics for this presentation Odor Impact
Compounds PA Odor Site Index Straw Filter for
Ammonia Ozone effect on compounds
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Demonstration / Research Unit
Installed at Hy-Tech Mushroom Compost Co. West
Grove, PA Shipping Container with clean straw
inside Exhaust air from substrate bunker is blown
through straw
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Bunker Exhaust Air
Outlet
Inlet
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Topics for this presentation Odor Impact
Compounds PA Odor Site Index Straw filter for
ammonia Ozone Effect on compounds
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Ozone is made naturally by lightning. Ozone has
3 atoms of oxygen instead of the normal 2 atoms
that we call oxygen in the air.
Ozones 3 atoms of oxygen make it a strong
oxidizer, that is it attacks organic molecules
and divides them. This oxidizer characteristic
also explains how ozone can kill bacteria and
other micro-organisms.
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We asked the question How does ozone effect the
impact odor compounds that were explained earlier
in this presentation?
We installed a small, adjustable ozone generator
to mix ozone with air from a substrate bunker.
Adjustment
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Mixing chamber for ozone to contact, and react
with, odor compounds.
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Two sampler probes for odor compounds were placed
in the emissions air -- one before the ozone mix
chamber, and one after the mix chamber.
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We measured the ozone concentration for the exit
air after the mix chamber.
Ozone sensor and display
Recorder for Ozone and temperatures
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Ozone reduced the concentrations for several
signature odor compounds
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Individual chemicals
Thats all . for now !
Dimethyl Disulfide
Skatole
Dimethyl Trisulfide
Indole
P-Cresol