REPTILE MAMMAL

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REPTILE MAMMAL teeth single-cusped,
uniform (homodont) teeth multicusped,
heterodont quadrate-articular jaw
joint squamosal-dentary jaw joint several
bones in lower jaw dentary only in lower
jaw internal nares open near front of
mouth secondary palate single occipital
condyle two occipital condyles ectotherms e
ndotherms low metabolic rates
high metabolic rates poor
insulation good
insulation no mammary glands mammary
glands relatively small brains large
brains ribs extend from cervical thru lumbar
regions thoracic ribs only muscular diaphragm
absent muscular diaphragm present splayed
posture (some exceptions) parasagittal
posture red indicates features related to
endothermy
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Muskox
Lemming
Since insulation is proportional to thickness of
underfur AND to length of guard hairs, little
guys cant be as well insulated as big guys can
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Some aquatic mammals have extremely thick
underfur to deal with higher thermal conductance
of water
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Highly or totally aquatic forms give up fur
entirely and rely on thick subcutaneous fat
blubber
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Pelycosaur
Therapsid
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Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria monotremes
egg- laying mammals (echidna, platypus)
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Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Infraclass
Metatheria Order Marsupialia
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Class Mammalia Subclass Theria Infraclass
Eutheria placental mammals
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Order Insectivora hedgehogs, moles,
shrews
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Order Chiroptera Fruit bats (mega), microbats
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Order Primates prosimian (lemurs, lorises,
indris, bushbaby, tarsier
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Order Primates
New World monkeys marmosets, spider, squirrel
monkeys
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Old World Monkeys baboon, macaque, colobus,
langurs, vervet, etc.
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Order Primates
Apes lesser (gibbon, siamang) and greater
(orang, gorilla, chimp, human)
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Order Xenarthra (edentates) armadillos,
anteaters, sloths
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Order Lagomorpha rabbits, pika
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Order Rodentia largest of all mammalian orders
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squirrels
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Spiny rat
Rattus rattus
Old World rats mice
Mus musculus
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Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
New World mice and rats
wood rat (Neotoma floridana)
Peromyscus deer mouse
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Beaver muskrat aquatic adaptations
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Gopher, molerats, blesmols digging adaptations
Common mole rat
gopher
Naked mole rat
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Ords kangaroo rat
Desert rodents
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Arctic or montane rodents cold adapted
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Tropical rodents
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Order Cetacea baleen whales
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Pilot whale
Order Cetacea toothed whales dolphins
Killer whale
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cheetah
caracal
leopard
African lion
Order Carnivora felids
snow leopard
tiger
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Order Carnivora canids
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Order Carnivora viverrids mongoose, civet,
meerkats, genets, etc.
binturong
meerkat
civet
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Order Carnivora raccoon, coati, ring-tail,
kinkajou
red panda
kinkajou
raccoon
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Order Carnivora bears
Malayan sun bear
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Order Carnivora Mustelids weasels,
mink, otters, skunks, badgers
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Order Carnivora pinnapeds seals, sealions,
walrus
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Order Proboscidea elephants
African
Asian
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Order Sirenia manatee and dugong
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Order Perissodactyla odd-toed Ungulates
(horse, rhino, tapir)
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Order Artiodactyla pig, hippo, camels, giraffe
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Elk
Moose
White-tailed deer
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Order Artiodactyla cattle
No. American bison
African buffalo
Domestic cattle (Bos taurus)
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Order Artiodactyla antelope, sheep, goats
Wildebeest
Impala
Big horn sheep
Nyala
Barbary sheep
Pronghorn antelope
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Tribosphenic teeth
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Bunodont teeth of omnivores
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Sectorial teeth of a wolf
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Order Carnivora all possess a pair of cutting
teeth called carnassials formed from
the expanded upper 4th premolar (PM4) shearing
past the lower 1st molar (M1)
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badger
weasel
Mustelids have shortened faces so they lose or
reduce the first premolar. They also expand the
first molar laterally to maintain crushing surface
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bobcat
Cats are the most highly carnivorous of the
Carnivora. They retain only 2 premolars on
the upper jaw, and 2 premolars plus molar 1 on
the lower. Note the lack of crushing surface on
any of the teeth.
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bear
Some Carnivora secondarily modify their teeth for
new functions. Bears are omnivores, developing
bunodont cheek teeth. Seals sea lions feed on
fishes and have secondarily become homodont for
their cheek teeth.
seal
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Hypsidont teeth of a rhino
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horse
Complex enamel ridges (lophs) are typical of
herbivores
bison
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tapir
Order Perissodactyla these have both upper and
lower Incisors to clip vegetation. Order
Artiodactyla these have procumbent lower
incisors which flare distally (spatulate).
These pin grass against a fibrous pad on the
upper jaw. They pull rather than clip the
leaves.
bison
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some are hyperlophodont!
Lophodont teeth of rodents (multiple enamel
ridges)
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Order Rodentia they have enlarged upper and
lower incisors for husking and breaking open
nuts and seeds. Most have pigmented enamel (red,
yellow or orange) on the front surface of the
incisors. How does a small animal keep its teeth
sharp when eating highly abrasive foods?
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Musk deer
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