Field Sampling for Pretreatment and the Laboratory

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Field Sampling for Pretreatment and theLaboratory
25th Annual Region IV Pretreatment Association
Workshop Addison, Texas August 2009
Presented by Bill Gase The City of Dallas
Dallas Water Utilities Prepared by B. Gase and
E. Kasey The City of Dallas Dallas Water
Utilities
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Question of the Day
How does Monitoring (Field Sampling) impact
Pretreatment and the Lab?
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The Pretreatment and Laboratory Services (PALS)
Division performs routine sampling of industries,
commercial enterprises, wholesale customer
cities, and other facilities which could have a
potentially harmful discharge of wastewater into
the City of Dallas sanitary sewer system.
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Authority for these actions are granted by
federal, state, and local pretreatment standards
and regulations
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FEDERAL
40 CFR 403.8(f)(2)(v) Randomly sample and
analyze the effluent from Industrial Users and
conduct surveillance activities in order to
identify, independent of information supplied by
Industrial User, occasional and continuing
non-compliance with pretreatment standards.
Inspect and sample the effluent form each
Significant Industrial User at least once a
year
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STATE
40 CFR 403.10(f) The State NPDES permit is
the regulatory document issued by either the EPA
or TCEQ. The permit is designed to control the
discharge of pollutants from contributing
industries in accordance with pretreatment
standards..
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DOCUMENTATION

• LINKO
• Analysis Request Sheet (ARS) / Chain of Custody
• Daily Activity Report (DAR)
• Field Inspection Report
• Site Maps

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LINKO Chain of Custody List Viewwith comments
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SCHEDULE
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Analysis Request Sheet (ARS)Chain of Custody
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Daily Activity Report (DAR)
This form is filled out each day field activity
is performed.
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Field Inspection Report
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Site Maps
Please Remember who uses the maps.
The Monitoring Crew

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Goals of Field Sampling

• To determine the impact of industrial wastes on
  the POTW
• Evaluate compliance by all Industrial Users (IUs)
  with applicable pretreatment standards and
  requirements
• Provide the Industrial Pretreatment Program with
  assurance that the information and data generated
  is accurate, reliable, and defensible

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Objectives that can be accomplished through
Monitoring Activities

• Profiles of waste streams coming into collection
  system
• To maintain up-to-date information on SIUs
• Verification of compliance status
• Support of enforcement activities
• Identify and locate sources of problem discharges
• To provide data used to support IU surcharges for
  revenue
• Foundation for the development or amending local
  discharge limits
• The data generated can provide the necessary
  preparation of annual report and plant expansion

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Frequency of Monitoring Events

• The Pretreatment Program has been charge with the
  responsibility to determine the frequency at
  which sampling will take place.
• Factors that can be used to determine frequency
• Seasonal production schedules at the SIU
• Past compliance or performance by the SIU
• The waste stream constituents and volume
• Problems within the collection system and POTW
  which are the results of a particular SIU
• The introduction of new or additional
  pretreatment requirements

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Frequency of Monitoring Groups

• Frequency
• Once per year
• Twice per year
• Four times per year
• 12 times per year
• 1 out of 10 sample site (sites with samples)

• Monitored Group
• NonSIUs
• Noncategorical IUs
• Categorical IUs
• Customer Cities
• QC Sampling

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Interferences and Potential Problems

• Supplies for Local Limits
• Cubitainer 3.84
• TSS/ BOD 1.44
• Metals B 2.32
• Phenol 2.22
• TOG/TPH 4.44
• Cyanide 0.68
• 2-BTEX 2.20
• 2-Alcohol 1.64
• Teflon Tubing 192.00 / 50
• In addition to preservatives, QC sampling, and
  TTI lab cost (220.00)
• Total cost gt300.00

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Interferences and Potential Problems

• Gaining site access
• Low flows volumes / No Flow
• High flow volumes
• Clogged intake tubing
• Equipment malfunctions
• Contamination
• Weather
• Traffic

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Interferences and Potential Problems
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Interferences and Potential Problems
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Interferences and Potential Problems
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Monitoring Operating Procedures

• Monitoring SOP (MON-01 Rev 2)
• pH Meter Calibration and Use (MON-02 Rev 0)
• Storage Temperature Monitoring (MON-03 Rev 0)
• Customer City Sampling (MON-04 Rev 1 is Pending
  Approval)
• Preventive Maintenance Program (MON-05 Rev 0 is
  Pending Approval)
• Spill Notification and Response Work Instructions
  for Sample Site Overflows (MON-06 Rev 0)

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Field Equipment

• Hand Pump
• Compositor Sampler
• Either ISCO or American Sigma
• Do have capability to monitor pH during the
  compositing cycle with three of our ISCO samplers
• Batteries for the Samplers
• pH Meters and Electrodes
• Meters are calibrated each day of use
• Security Box

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Other Equipment

• Portable Sample Coolers
• Vehicles (one truck and a few Vans)
• Bottles
• Chemicals for preservation and calibration
• Chlorine Test Strips and Sulfide Test Strips
• Battery Charging Stations
• Pump Tubing
• Teflon, Silastic and Silicone

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Grab and Composites

• Grab Sample a Sample collected at one time (one
  aliquot)
• FOG, pH, BTEX, Alcohols, TPH, OG, Phenols,
  Volatiles, BNAs, Cyanide (total and Amenable)
• Composite Samples More than one grab sample
  combined with the total collection time greater
  than 15 minutes
• Metals, BOD TSS

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Grab and Composites

• What is FOG?
• At PALS there are two definitions for FOG
• Liquid Waste FOG Fats, Oils and Grease
• Rest of PALS FOG Floatable Oil and Grease
• What is BOD?
• BOD is Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed in the
  biological processes that break down organic
  matter in water. The greater the BOD, the
  greater the degree of pollution

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Grab and Composites

• What is TSS?
• This is the Total Suspended Solids.
• These are non filterable solids as determined by
  filtering a known volume of liquid through a
  glass fiber filter.
• What Makes up Metals A?
• Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Silver
  and Zinc
• What is Metals B?
• Metals A list plus Mercury and Arsenic

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Preservation

• BOD/TSS, Alcohols, BNAs, FOG cool to lt 6 C
• Metals adjust to pH lt 2 with Nitric Acid
• Cyanide (total and amenable)
• Add Ascorbic Acid is Chlorine Residual is present
• Add Cadmium Chloride if Sulfides are present
• pH gt 12 with Sodium Hydroxide
• Phenol, OG pH lt 2 with Sulfuric Acid and cool
  lt 6 C

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Preservation

• TPH pH lt 2 with HCl and cool lt 6 C
• BTEX, VOCs pH lt 2 with HCl and cool lt 6 C
• Note Check with your lab.
• Halocarbons Dechlorinate, cool lt 6 C
• This is a 14 day holding time per 40CFR 136.3
  Table II
• Aromatics - Dechlorinate, cool lt 6 C
• For a 14 day holding time adjust pH lt 2 with HCl
• For a 7 day holding time no pH adjustment is
  needed
• per footnote 9 in 40CFR 136.3 Table II

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Typical Bottle Types and Sample Volumes
See 40CFR 136.3 Table II for list of bottle types

• For BOD/TSS
• Composite sample, 1 L volume in one Poly Bottle
• For Metals
• Composite sample, 250 mL to 500 mL volume in one
  Poly Bottle
• Oil and Grease
• Grab sample, 1 L volume in on Glass Bottle
• Cyanide (total and amenable)
• Grab sample, 250 mL to 1 L volume in one Poly
  Bottle
• Volatile Organics
• Grab sample, 40 mL volume per vial in two VOA
  vials
• Semi Volatile Organics
• Grab sample, 1 L volume in one Glass Bottle
• Total Phenolics
• Grab sample, 1 L volume in one Glass Bottle

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Field Testing

• Measure pH
• Calibrate daily with a three point calibration
• Use pH 4, 7, and 10 buffers.
• If measure pH is a violation recalibrate meter
  and take a second reading.
• If violation is pH is gt 10.5 recalibrate using pH
  4, 7 12 buffers.
• Measure Temperature
• Record temperature from the pH meter

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Field Testing

• Test for Chlorine Residual
• Use Chlorine Residual Test Strips
• If present, sample may need to be dechlorinated,
  depending on the test that is to be performed.
• Dechlorinate by adding a reducing agent (Ascorbic
  Acid, Sodium Thiosulfate, etc.)
• Test for presence of Sulfides
• Use Lead Acetate Paper
• If present then add preservative
• Adjust pH gt 12 then add Cadmium Chloride.
  (Filter?)

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The Lab

• There are Three Groups that analyze samples for
  DWU-PALS Pretreatment
• Monitoring Section (pH only)
• Contract Lab (located in the DFW Area)
• Analytical (located at CWTP)
• Currently analyzes BOD and TSS only
• Will shortly also analyze for Benzene, Toluene,
  Ethylbenzene, total Xylenes and Methylene
  Chloride (BTEX)
• Please note that BTEX typically does not include
  Methylene Chloride. The addition of Methylene
  Chloride to the list is unique to DWU-PALS
  Pretreatment.

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Questions, Questions, Questions

• When generating a chain of custody for a site ask
  yourself this?
• Is this really needed? Is this additional
  sampling? Have we met our programs goals in
  sampling? Is there a history of violations? What
  is the value added benefit of doing the
  additional sampling?
• Do we really need to do a surcharge survey?
• Are previous results near the 250 mg/L surcharge
  level? If not, then why do the testing?

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BOD and TSS

• Surcharge on values of gt 250 mg/L
• Surcharge Surveys are four day events.
• No need to do a surcharge survey if the BOD and
  TSS values are less than 250.
• A 4 day event uses 4 bottles, 4 cubitainers.
• Surcharged surveys need to be scheduled at the
  beginning of a billing cycle.
• For each BOD Sample the Lab performs the
  following test
• pH, Chlorine Residual and Chemical Oxygen Demand

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Surcharge Survey Info

• Supplies for one Site Surcharge Survey
• Cubitainer 3.84 each (4 x 3.84 15.36)
• TSS/ BOD 1.44 each (4 x 1.44 5.76)
• pH measurement in the Field 4
• pH measurement in the Lab 4
• Chlorine Residual measurements in the Lab 4
• COD measurements in the Lab 4
• BOD bottles setup in the Lab 3 to 5 each day
  12 to 20
• TSS tests to run 2 each day 8 total

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BOD Preparation Form
One thing to look at in reviewing the BOD prep
data is to look at the pH of the composite. Note
that in this example that site 716-1 has an
initial pH of 4.57. This would indicate that the
industry had a low pH effluent during the past 24
hours based on sample date.
Samples for BOD analysis need to be in the pH
range of 6.0 to 8.5 with no Chlorine Residual.
COD is Chemical Oxygen Demand. This test is used
to estimate the volume needed to get a valid BOD
result. COD values are almost always higher than
BOD. COD uses a strong oxidizer. This results
in an almost complete (gt95) oxidation of organic
material.
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BOD Quality Data Sheet

• Quality Control Criteria
• Dilution Water
• Depletion 0.2 prefer lt 0.1
• Seed Controls
• Depletion 40 to 70
• Correction Factor range between 0.60 and 1.00
• GGA Glucose Glutamic Acid Standard
• BOD value range of 167.5 to 228.5

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BOD Analysis Data Sheet

• BOD Samples are prepped in 3 to 5 dilution
  ranges.
• The minimum depletion must be 2.0 mg/L.
• The minimum final DO ready must be 1.00
• All valid results are averaged together

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The end at last

• Remember,
• More than one group is impacted by Pretreatment.
• Pretreatment impacts Sampling and the Lab.
• Sampling impacts Pretreatment and the Lab.
• The Lab impacts Pretreatment and Sampling.
• Is the requested Needed? What is its impact on
  the environment?
• REMEMBER Reduce Our Impact on the Environment.

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The End

• Thanks to all and to all a good night.
• The end.