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The Human Body in Health and Disease

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Sagittal plane a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and ... Caudal toward the feet. Proximal near the midline or beginning of body structure ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Human Body in Health and Disease


1
Chapter 2
  • The Human Body in Health and Disease

2
Anatomic Reference Systems
  • Describes the location and functions of body
    parts using
  • Body Planes
  • Body Directions
  • Body Cavities
  • Structural Units

3
Body Planes
  • Vertical Planes
  • Sagittal planea vertical plane that divides the
    body into unequal left and right portions
  • Midsagittal planea vertical plane that divides
    the body into equal left and right portions
  • Coronal planedivides the body into anterior and
    posterior portions
  • Horizontal Planes
  • Transverse planedivides the body into superior
    and inferior portions

4
Body Directions
  • Ventralrefers to the front side of the body or
    organ
  • Dorsalrefers to the back side of the body or
    organ
  • Anteriorrefers to the front
  • Posteriorrefers to the back side
  • Superiortoward the head
  • Inferiortoward the feet
  • Cephalictoward the head
  • Caudaltoward the feet
  • Proximalnear the midline or beginning of body
    structure
  • Distalfarthest from the midline
  • Medialtoward the midline
  • Lateraltoward the side

5
Body Directions
  • Dorsal Cavitydivided into two parts
  • Crainal cavity which houses the brain
  • Spinal cavity which houses the spinal cord
  • Ventral Cavity
  • Thoracic cavityheart and lungs
  • Abdominal cavityorgans of digestion
  • Pelvic cavityorgans of excretion and reproduction

6
Peritoneum
  • Multilayered membrane that protects and holds the
    organs in place found in the abdominal cavity.
  • Parietal peritoneumouter layer of the peritoneum
  • Visceral peritoneuminner layer of the peritoneum
  • Mesenterydouble layers of the parietal peritoneum

7
Bodys Basic Unit
  • Cytology--The study of the formation, structure,
    and function of cells.
  • Cells make up the bodys basic unit.
  • Cells are specialized
  • Cells when groups together make up tissues and
    body organs

8
Stem Cells
  • One of the most fascinating areas of biology
    today.
  • Stem cells have three important characteristics
    that distinguish them from other types of cells
  • They are unspecialized cells
  • Stem cells can renew themselves for long periods
    through cell division
  • Stem cells can be induced to become cells with
    special functions such as the insulin-producing
    cells of the pancreas

9
Stem Cells
  • Two kinds of stem cells
  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Obtained through human embryos used in in vitro
    fertilization purposes
  • Cord blook from discarded umbilical cords and
    placenta
  • Adult stem cells
  • Found among differentiated cells in a tissue or
    organ. The primary roles of adult stem cells in
    a living organism are to maintain and repair the
    tissue in which they are found.

10
Stem Cells
  • Stem cells today can be used for
  • Treatment of Parkinson Disease and other
    neurological disorders
  • Treatment for Diabetes
  • Treatment of Heart Disease
  • Growth of human tissue and organs

11
Cell Structure
  • A cell is made up of the these three parts
  • Cell membranehas the capability of allowing some
    substances to pass into and out of the cell while
    denying the passage of other elements
  • Protoplasmsubstance within the cell membrane and
    is composed of
  • Cytoplasmprovides storage and work areas for the
    cell and is outside the nucleus
  • Karyoplamssubstance of the cell nucleus and
    contains the genetic matter necessary for cell
    reproduction
  • Nucleus
  • Controls the activities of the cell
  • Helps the cell divide

12
Cytology
  • The study of the formation, structure, and
    function of cells, including
  • Chromosomes
  • DNA
  • Genetics

13
Chromosomes
  • Found in the cell nucleus
  • Bearers of genesthe functional unit of heredity
    and control hereditary disorders and physical
    traits

14
Somatic Cells
  • Contain 46 chromosomes
  • Arranged into 23 pairs
  • 22 identical pairs
  • 1 pair that is either XX (female) or XY (male) to
    determine the sex of a child

15
Sex Cells
  • Do not have 23 chromosomes
  • Each sex cell has 23 single chromosomes
  • Females have X chromosomes
  • Males have Y and X chromosomes

16
Genetics
  • The study of how genes are transferred from the
    parents to their children
  • The study of how genes play a role in the health
    and diseases of humans.
  • DNA
  • The primary genetic material of all cellular
    organisms
  • Packaged in a chromosome as two strands
  • Single gene makes up each segment of DNA and each
    gene is located in a specific site on the
    chromosome

17
Genes
  • Dominant genesinherited from parent child will
    have the genetic condition such as a physical
    trait or a genetic disorder
  • Recessive genes two possibilities
  • Recessive gene for genetic condition inherited
    from one parent and normal gene from another
    parent child will not have the condition but will
    have the trait
  • Recessive gene for a genetic condition inherited
    from both parents child will have the condition

18
Congential Disorders
  • An abnormal condition that exists at birth and
    caused by
  • Developmental disorder
  • Prenatal influences
  • Birth injuries

19
Histology
  • The study of tissues, which are composed of cells
    that join together to perform specific functions,
    including
  • Nerve Tissue
  • Epithelial Tissues
  • Connective Tissues
  • Muscle Tissue

20
Epithelial Tissues
  • Appears as sheet-like arrangements of cells,
    sometimes several layers thick that form the
    outer layer of skin covers the surfaces of
    organs lines the walls of cavities and form
    tubes, ducts, and portions of certain glands.
  • The function is protection, absorption,
    secretion, and excretion

21
Connective Tissue
  • Most widespread and abundant
  • Forms the supporting network for organs of the
    body
  • Sheaths the muscles
  • Connects muscles to bones and bones to joints
  • Adipose tissue or fat tissue acts as a nutrient
    reserve and protects, insulates, and supports

22
Muscle and Nerve Tissue
  • Three types of muscle tissue
  • Voluntary
  • Striated, Cardiac
  • Nerve tissue consists of nerve cells and
    interstitial tissue
  • Nerve tissue has the properties of excitability
    and conductivity
  • Nerve tissue functions to control and coordinate
    the activities of the body

23
Pathology of Tissue Formation
  • Anaplasia
  • Aplasis
  • Dysplasis
  • Hyperplasis
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hypoplasia

24
Glands
  • Specialized cells that secrete material used
    elsewhere in the body, including
  • Exocrine glandssweat glands
  • Endocrine glandsglands that secrete hormones

25
Organ and Body Systems
  • Body parts are organized into systems according
    to function.
  • Examples
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Digestive System

26
Pathology
  • The study of structural and functional changes
    caused by disease or a condition that may be
    caused by a disease.

27
Disease Transmission
  • Communicable disease transmissiondisease
    transmitted from one person to another through
    direct or indirect contact.
  • Bloodborne disease transmissiondisease
    transmitted through contact with blood or body
    fluids and are contaminated
  • Airborne disease transmissionoccurs through
    respiratory droplets such as contact with
    material from the cough or sneeze
  • Foodborne disease transmissioncaused by eatting
    or drinking contaminated food or water.

28
Types of Diseases
  • Infectious disease
  • Organic disorder
  • Iatrogenic illness
  • Idiopathic disorder
  • Functional disorder
  • Nosocomial infection

29
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