An Overview of history from 1906 to 1924

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An Overview of history from 1906 to 1924
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All India Muslim League(1906)
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Introduction

• A founder Political Party of Pakistan.
• Purely having Islamic ideological basis
• Founded to protect rights of Muslims in British
  India

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Back Ground

• Bengal was divided into two parts in 1905 due to
  some administrative reasons
• Muslims were beneficiaries of this partition as
  they were in majority in East Province
• Hindus considered it a deliberate action to harm
  their interests.

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• They agitated and demanded annulment of
  partition.
• Muslims considered this agitation against their
  own interest and realized that Hindus do not
  want to see their prosperity
• In 1906, debate started in Britain about
  constitutional reforms in India.

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• Muslim Leaders decided to make an immediate move
  for protection of the rights of Muslims in new
  Constitution.
• A Muslim Deputation consisting of 36 members met
  to Lord Minto in Simla in October 1906 in this
  regard.
• Separate electorates were demanded.
• Viceroy assured the delegation about their
  political rights in new Constitution.

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• Muslims thought about to have their own political
  Organization to struggle for their Rights
• In November 1906, Nawab Saleemullah of Dhaka sent
  around a circular proposing the establishment of
  a Political Party.

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• Dignitaries were asked to prepare and discussed
  it in Annual Session of Mohammadan Educational
  Conference.
• Session was held in last week of December
  attended by some 3000 delegates.
• On 30 December, 1906, resolution was unanimously
  opted about the establishment of a Political
  Party.

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• Organization was Named All India Muslim League
• Sir Agha Khan was elected as President
• Head Quarters in Lucknow
• Six Vice-Presidents, a secretary and two joint
  Secretaries for a term of three years.
• Initial membership was 400 in fixed proportion of
  the provinces.
• Branches were setup in various Provinces

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• Constitution of the League known as Green Book
  was written by Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,a
  renowned Scholar and a vocal Journalist.

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• Syed Ameer Ali Established a branch in London in
  1908, supporting the same objectives

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Objectives

• Three Objectives-
• To promote a sense of loyalty to the British
  Government among the Muslims.
• To look after their Political Rights and
  interests and to represent to the government from
  time to time , their needs and aspirations.
• To cultivate better understanding between Muslims
  and other Communities.

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Criticism

• Hindu and many British historians alleged that
  the Muslim League was founded at Official
  instigation.
• Lord Minto wanted to break the Congress and to
  minimize the strength of Indian Freedom Movement.

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Lucknow Pact(1916)
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• First World War started in 1914.
• Indians sacrificed a lot in terms of
  Lives,manpower,supplies,finances and patience
  with high prices for wheat,rice,kerosine etc.
• The Muslims had reservations about Turkey and
  going to dispel their pro-British reputation

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• The growing mood of determination to participate
  in governing the subcontinent led to the Lucknow
  Pact between the Muslim League and the Congress
  in 1916.
• Quid-i-Azam joined Muslim League in1913 which
  gave a new dimension to Indian Politics.
• Muslim League had already demanded self rule for
  India as had the Congress.

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• Both parties were demanding same privileges.
• Leaders from both sides agreed to co-operate to
  bring the government around to accept the demands
  
• Both parties reached on an agreement in 1916 in
  Lucknow called Lucknow Pact.
• The Congress conceded the Muslims demand for
  separate electorates

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• Hindus and Muslims should be guaranteed a certain
  number of seats in areas where they were a
  minority.
• Muslims gave up their claims to majorities in
  Punjab and Bengal in return of a promise of extra
  seats for Muslims in minority Provinces.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah was principal negotiator of
  this pact and was entitled as Ambassador of
  Hindu-Muslim unity.

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• Jinnah visited Europe along with Gokhle after
  this pact
• British recognized the problems, contributions
  and determinations of Indians and announced their
  intentions of granting gradual self-government
  within the Empire on 20 august 1917.

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Khilafat Movement
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Background

• Muslims of India had an emotional attachment
  with Caliphate.
• They considered Ottoman Empire as their
  Caliphate.
• Sultan of Turkey was considered as
  Ameer-ul-Momneen by Indian Muslims as they did
  not have their own identity and always saw
  towards ottoman Caliph

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• European powers curtail the Turkish Empire by
  occupying Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and the
  straits in Balkan wars in 1912-13.
• Turkey joined Germans in 1st World War to avenge
  the European Powers.
• Sympathies of Indian Muslims were with Turkey.

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• Germany Lost the War.
• The British hoped to neutralize the status of the
  Caliph and the right of the Turks to their
  homeland.
• The Peace settlement and the Treaty of Severs
  broke of the Ottoman Empire and reduced Sultan
  to the status of Vassal Prince.
• Muslim Holy Places were placed under the hold of
  Allied Forces.

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• Holy Prophet had bidden the Muslims with dying
  breath never to surrender the Jazirat-ul-Arab(Arab
  ia,Iraq,Syria and Palestine) to any non-Muslim
  government.
• Johar argued that for Muslims to accept mandate
  over Iraq, Syria and Palestine would amount to a
  total disregard of the wishes of the
  Prophet(PBUH).
• A movement was launched in Sub-Continent to save
  the Ottoman Empire.

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• Majlis-i-Khilafat was made by traders in Bombay
  in 1919.
• Muslim Conferences meeting held in Lucknow and
  decided to make it mass scale movement.
• Seth Jaan Muhammad Chhutani elected president.
• Muslims Of India launched this movement to fight
  Turkeys battle from India though they were
  thousands of miles from Turkey.

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Objectives

• To maintain the Turkish caliphate
• To protect the Holy Places of the Muslims
• To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire

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• Riots started in Amritsar in April 1919 followed
  by Jalianwala Bagh tragedy on April13,1919
  killing 379 people.
• In1920 terms of Treaty of severs were announced
  caused deep resentment among Muslims.
• In June, 90 Muslim leaders wrote to viceroy about
  their non-cooperation with government from August
  if terms of treaty were not revised , but that
  was of no use.

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• Muslim Conference and Congress both were
  demanding the Independence of India.
• Congress leaders decided to cooperate with
  Muslims in the time of need.
• A Meeting held and decided to cooperate each
  other un-conditionally and to send a delegation
  to viceroy and to England to explain the matter.
• Non-cooperation movement was started in 1920.

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• Khilafat Delegation to England
• Khilafat delegation visited England under
  leadership of Moulana Muhammad Ali johar and met
  to Prime Minister Lloyd George, but he gave a
  cold shoulder and delegation met failure.

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Hijrat Movement

• Jamiyat Ulema-i-Hind proposed that when a land is
  not safe for Islam, a Muslim has two
  options-Jihad or Hijrat.
• Fatwa was signed by 925 prominent Ulemas
• May be idea was originated by Maulana Abul Kalam
  Azad.
• Hundreds of Families sold their properties and
  migrated towards Afghanistan, but were not
  allowed to enter in the premises of the state.
• This was a tragic event as Thousands of Muslim
  Families suffered.

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• Major Events
• In 1921,Moplah uprising,4000 were killed and tens
  of thousands were injured.
• Moplah train tragedy,66 were killed.
• Hindu-Muslim communal riots particularly in
  Multan and Bengal.
• Arrest of Ali brethren in sep.1921.
• Feb 1922,Chaura Chauri incident, 21 policemen
  killed.

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• Gandhi called off the whole movement making an
  excuse that the National Volunteers were
  responsible for the murder of policemen.
• A sever blow to Khilafat Movement. When in 1924
  Turks announced an end to Khilafat and made a
  new government.
• Khilafat conference and committee died down in a
  short time and there was nothing but the name
  remained

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• Movement failed to achieve its objectives but
  carried to political awakening to Muslims.
• Made clear to Indian Muslims neither to trust
  the British nor the Hindus.
• Movement was a sever blow to All India Muslim
  Leagues popularity.