Work Smart, Not Hard

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Work Smart, Not Hard

• Chapter 3
• IENG 311
• Work Methods Measurement
• Fall 2006

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Changes in the Standard of Living

• See next two slides
• Make predictions about 2030

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Productivity

• The ratio between input and output
• 4 classic factors
• land
• materials
• machines
• labor

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Land Productivity

• Better seeds or better fertilizer or herbicides
  for better yields
• bushels per acre
• faster maturing trees
• output per unit of land increases

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Materials Productivity

• Reduce scrap or waste so that a higher percentage
  of the raw material is utilized
• use of non-corrosive materials or coatings to
  increase the life of products (e.g. bridges,
  highways, tools)

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Machine Productivity

• Schedule truck loads in both directions
• using ceramic coated or carbide coated cutting
  tools to increase cutting speeds and prolong
  cutter life
• using a word processor to produce a letter
• using email rather than US mail
• using machines over 2 or 3 shifts rather than one

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Labor Productivity

• Improve the work methods
• use a fixture to hold parts for assembly with two
  hands rather than one

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Productivity Perspectives

• Developed countries have used materials, energy,
  and information to replace labor
• Cheap energy and materials keep productivity high
  (energy crises effects)
• In the US, we have matured such that labor prices
  dominate productivity
• In developing countries, they usually have cheap
  labor to offset transportation costs to big
  markets.

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Productivity Perspectives

• In the early 1900s, 85 of US workers were in
  ag, now its less than 3
• In 1950, 73 of US employees were in production
  or mfg, now its less than 15
• In 2000, at least 44 of all workers were in data
  services
• In 2030, ??

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Productivity Perspectives

• In 1990, for the first time ever, companies spent
  more money on computing and communications gear
  than the combined money spent on industrial,
  mining, farm, and construction equipment
• In 2000, no developed country had more than 1/6
  of its workforce in the traditional roles of
  making and moving goods
• In 2030, ??

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Productivity Perspectives

• In 1993, 19,000,000 people carried pagers and
  12,000,000,000 messages were left in voice
  mailboxes
• There has been more information produced in the
  last 30 years than during the previous 5000

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Productivity Perspectives

• The first practical industrial robot was
  introduced in the 1960s
• In 1982 there were approximately 32,000 robots
  used in the US
• Today there are over 20,000,000

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Productivity Perspectives

• Computer power is 8000 times less expensive than
  it was 30 years ago
• With similar progress in automotive technology,
  today we could buy a Lexus for 2. It would
  travel at the speed of sound, and go about 600
  miles on a thimble of gas.

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Define Productivity

• The measure of the amount of OUTPUT per unit of
  INPUT

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Cost of Living Changes
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Conclusion

• The Industrial Age has given way to the
  Information Age
• What Age will your grandchildren be living in??

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Who should benefit?

• Obviously consumers
• Employers vs employees??
• Will workers lose their jobs or have them
  replaced by technology?

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Productivity Waste Sources

• Improper product design
• Nonstandardization
• Incorrect quality standards
• Material waste
• Energy waste

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Productivity Waste Sources

• Poor methods
• poor macro method
• telephone tag vs email, fax, answering machine
• hand entry vs bar codes
• poor micro method
• waitress enters orders in handwriting vs circling
  pre-printed items
• poor arrangement
• poor equipment usage

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Productivity Waste Sources

• Poor Management
• too many product models
• poorly design product
• poor production scheduling
• poor maintenance
• poor safety and health
• Poor Workers
• soldiering, absenteeism, etc.