Why Gender is key to achieving the millenium development goals (

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Why Gender is key to achieving the millenium
development goals( sustainable development)
Why is Gender key to achieving the millenium
development goals( sustainable development)?

• CASID, 2009

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Three Reasons Why Gender is a Key consideration

• NEEDED FOR
• 1. Eradication of extreme poverty other
  Millenium Development Goals
• 2. Good governance
• 3. Microenterprise as its focused on women

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Mainstreaming gender

• The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.
• Considers the cultural aspects of gender roles
  for women and men of any planned action,
  including legislation, policies or programs, in
  any area and at all levels.
• Integrates men and womens concerns into design,
  implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
  policies and programs so that inequality is not
  perpetrated.

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Elements of the womens agenda
Rights Including legal equality
2.Entitlement Access to and control over productive resources.
3.Investment Elimination of gender gaps in human development.
4. Voice Womens vision of alternative development agenda
5. Poverty Policy interventions, focus on female-headed household.
6. Reproductive labour Including males sharing child-caring responsibilities
7. Security From domestic violence and abuse.
8. Empowerment Assertion of self
Source Jahan, 2002, p. 5.
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Millenium Development Goals

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower women
• Reduce child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Develop a global partnership for development

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MDG2 4 5 Education Child Mortality.

• The impact of unearned income on child survival
  was 20 times greater if the income was brought in
  by the mother than if by the father (World Banks,
  2001, Abu-Ghaida and Klasen, 2004).

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MDG 2 1 Female education Tackles the
Population and Poverty bomb

• A 1 increase of female education increases the
  average level of GDP by 0.2 to 0.37 (significant
  positive while male education has an
  insignificant impact).
• One year increase in the adult female years of
  schooling is estimated to reduce fertility by 8
  -13 or 0.5 children per women.

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Case study Bangladesh Education

• Compulsory primary education was introduced in
  1993.
• New initiatives undertaken by the public,
  private, and NGO sectors
• Free compulsory primary education for primary
  level children including books.
• Free education for girls up to grade eight.
• Scholarship for girls 2.6 million benefited
  from Female stipend program in 1998 which is
  nearly 75 of girls enrolled at secondary level.
• A food-for-education programme (FFE) reached 20
  children in rural areas .

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Education Yoyo

• womens enrollment more than men in every year
  but recent . literacy/achievement rates low.
  

Year 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005
Development Indicators Wo Men Wo Men Wo Men Wo Men Wo Men Wo Men
Gross enrollment ratio for secondary schools () 51 49 54 49 55 49 54 49 51 49 48 47
Adult literacy rate (age 15 and above) N/A N/A N/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 31 50 41 54
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Gender Gaps in Education
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How the MDGs connect with prevention of violence
against women (WHO perspective)

• MDG 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Provides an opportunity to ally violence against
  women with poverty reduction efforts aimed at
  protecting the poorest and most vulnerable women.
• MDG 2 Achieve universal primary education
• Can be used to highlight how the drive towards
  universal primary education can be hindered by
  gender-based factors including violence and
  lack of security that prevent girls and young
  women from entering and completing school.
  Conversely, better education for girls and boys
  may contribute to the reduction of violence
  against women.

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World wide 1 in 3 have been beaten, coerced into
sex or abused.

• Violence against Women in Bangladesh

• 47 women have endured physical abuse.
• 14 of the maternal deaths are due to violence.
• One women suffer from violence every hour in BGD.
• 50 of all murders are of wives being killed by
  husbands. (Heise 1993, Khan 2005)
• 61.5 men consider violence against wives as
  justifiable.
• Source Research by RNE, UNFPA and BRAC
• http//www.lcgbangladesh.org/WAGE/reports/VAW20-
  20Presentation-at20LCG-WAGE.ppt.

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Governance Greater Influence of Women in Public
Life, Better government and cleaner business
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Women in Micocredit Groups
Access to financial services (small loans) for
women often including training and support
networks to ensure return on investment (for
profit enterprise with some donor funding).
Research by Donor Information Resource
Center.www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004,
Littlefield 2004
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Grameen Bank

• 97 per cent Women
• No Collateral, No Legal Instrument, No
  Group-Guarantee or Joint Liability
• Recovery Rate 98 per cent
• Scholarships and Education Loans
• Scholarships are given, every year, to the high
  performing children of Grameen borrowers, with
  priority on girl children, to encourage them to
  stay ahead to their classes.

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Key Features of BRAC

• Primary target group is women.
• BRAC recognized women as the primary caregivers
  who would ensure the education of their children
  and the subsequent inter-generational
  sustainability of their families and households.
• Microfinance under BRAC's Economic Development
  programme with Health, Education and other Social
  Development programmes, linking all the
  programmes strategically to counter poverty.

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Is microenterprise making a difference?
INDICATORS Average for Average for All MFIs (n124) Worldwide
INDICATORS Asia - large Institutions Average for All MFIs (n124) Worldwide
SCALE 1,281,925 15,553
Number of Active Borrowers 1,281,925 15,553
OUTREACH 394 532
Average Outstanding Loan Size 394 532
EFFICIENCY 43 142
Cost per Borrower 43 142
PROFITABILITY 4.50 0.10
Adjusted Return on Assets 4.50 0.10
Source MicroBanking Bulletin, no. 9 (July 2003).
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Reaching the Poor Sustainably
Selected Institutions Serving the Poor Return on Assets (2001)
BRAC (Bangladesh) 4.3
Pro Mujer (Bolivia) 1.3
Zakoura (Morocco) 2.0
EMT (Cambodia) 2.3
Padme (Benin) 10.3
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Cons/Weaknesses of NGO activities

• The relationship between management and borrowers
  are not congenial all the time
• Pressure for repayments
• Loans sometimes misused by men in the family
• Womens engagement in the management is unequal
• Women are used as cheap labor to produce output
  for multinationals (handicrafts) and use inputs
  supplied by multinationals (Cell phones, hybrid
  seeds and fertilizer)
• Sometimes members were forced to take part in
  activities that are not related to actual
  programs
• Rally, extra curricular activities

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Gender composition of staff in Projects often
mostly men. ANR projects with aquaculture
components outreached to women
Project Male Female women
INTERFISH 135 53 28
NOPEST 93 44 32
CAGES 23 4 14
GOLDA 88 69 43
LIFE 52 14 21
Total 391 184 28
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Proxy loans Womens name only on investment

• Being a conduit establishes the importance of
  that woman in securing resources for investment.
• Sufia (Kaliganj, Gaipur) said I gave Taka
  20,000 to my husband for his firewood business
  now my voice is louder than his in this
  household.
• Violence is reduced in SCG but change is somewhat
  uneven.

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Women in Micocredit Groups
Access to financial services for women.

• Increase diversify incomes
• from purdah there is a shift
• to respect for capability assets
• Build assets
• Increase decision-making power in family and
• public life with more women elected.

Research by Donor Information Resource
Center.www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004,
Littlefield 2004
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Studies on Womens saving groups

• BRAC members of 4 years increased household
  expenses by 28 and assets by 112.
• Grameen members enjoy 28 higher income than that
  of the members of non-participants.
• 5 of total borrowers of BRAC graduate and find
  permanent exit from poverty each year.

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MCF Women increasing personal asset security
LAND ACQUISITION
Womens own name 87 75
In joint names 4 3
In mens name bought by women 26 22
Total number of land acquisition cases 117 100
Kelkar, Nathan Jahan(2004) of 261 women
interviewed 117 reported purchase or lease
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Access to property
Sourcehttp//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDE
R/Resources/AEDSB_CGApresentation.pdf.
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Women in Micocredit Groups
Access to financial services for women including
training.
Increase diversify incomes purdah to respect
for capability assets Build assets, Increase
decision-making power in family and public life
with more women elected.
Mitigate risk/less hazard, Plan for the
future Lesser population growth, More mobility
Research by Donor Information Resource
Center.www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004,
Littlefield 2004
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• Enhancing childrens education
• Children of microfinance clients are more likely
  to go to school due to awareness and access
  provided by the NGOs.
• A longitudinal study shows that BRAC is able to
  increase the basic competency in reading,
  writing, and arithmetic among children from 12
  in 1992 to 24 in 1995 (within 3 years).
• Improving health outcomes for women and children
• Households of microfinance clients appear to have
  better nutrition, health practices, and health
  outcomes compare to any control group without
  microfinance.
• A study shows that fewer members suffered from
  malnutrition after joining the program.
• Higher rate of contraceptive use.
• A 10 increase in credit is associated with 6.3
  increase in mid-arm circumference of daughters.

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Women in Micocredit Groups
Access to financial services for women including
training.
Increase diversify incomes purdah to respect
for capability assets Build assets, Increase
decision-making power in family and public life
with more women elected.
Mitigate risk/less hazard, Plan for the
future Lesser population growth, More mobility
Increase food consumption, Invest in education
health, housing, water, sanitation, Greater
control of women over resources
Research by Donor Information Resource
Center.www.microfinancegateway.org, Karim 2004,
Littlefield 2004
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BRACs health clinic
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Improving Health

• In Bangladesh, fewer BRAC clients suffered from
  severe malnutrition than non-clients.
• In Bolivia, children of CRECER clients had higher
  rates of DPT3 immunization than children of
  non-clients.
• In Uganda, 32 of Foccas clients had tried an
  AIDS prevention practice, twice the percentage
  for non-clients.

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Housing, Water, and Sanitation

• Many microfinance programs provide loans tailored
  for tube-wells and toilets, reducing incidence of
  fever, influenza and typhoid.
• In India, SEWA provides loans to pay for tap
  water, toilets, drainage, and paved roads.
• Grameen Bank provides 80,000 housing loans/year
  and reports improved security during natural
  disasters due to sturdy housing.

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• Women empowerment through microenterprise
• Active participation in electoral process. In
  1992, 115 women in microcredit groups ran and 15
  were elected Chairperson at sub-district level
  (Karim, 2004). In the 1997 union council
  elections, 44,138 NGO-sponsored women contested
  for 12,894 seats and 12,822 were elected.

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Summary

• Engendering sustainable development is key to
  reaching the millenium goals, for good governance
  and needs to be considered when applying
  microenterpise.