Akhyata in Traditional Marathi Grammar

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Akhyata in Traditional Marathi Grammar

• Sushant Devlekar
• CFILT
• sushant_at_cse.iitb.ac.in

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Outline

• Definition
• History
• Damales Treatment to verb
• Classification of Akhyata
• Tables of Akhyata
• Salient Features
• Limitations

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Definition

• Akhyata It is a group of suffixes. These
  suffixes are
• terminating and they agree with person.
• Akhyata attaches to a verb root to form a verb
  form.
• e.g.
• ?? ?? ????
• verb root Akhyata verb form
• The term and concept of Akhyata is borrowed
• from Sanskrit grammar.

4
History

• The previous grammarians like Dadoba Panduranga
  were giving only verb forms, without a systematic
  segmentation. e.g. ????, ????, ????? etc.
• They assumed a one-to-one mapping from form to
  tense. e.g. ???? present tense

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History contd.

• They ignored usages where the same form shows
  more than one tense. e.g.
• ?? ???? (I do).
• ?? ???? ???? (I will do it later.)

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Damales Treatment to Verbs

• It systematically segments the verb forms in to
  verb root and suffixes.
• It groups the suffixes according to their usage
  in different person, number and gender.
• It names the groups of suffixes according to the
  phoneme they contain. e.g. takhyata, vakhyata,
  lakhyata etc.
• It gives priority to form rather than meaning.

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Classification of suffixes
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Classification of Akhyata

• On the basis of different forms which are used in
  different persons, and number
• There are seven groups namely
• Prathama takhyata
• Dvitiya takhyata
• Lakhyata
• Vakyata/ avakhyata
• I-akhyata
• U-akhyata
• Ilakytata

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Classification contd.

• On the basis of inflection for gender
• salinga agrees with gender.
• alinga does not agree with gender
• Prathama takhyata, Dvitiya takhyata, Lakhyata and
  vakyata/ avakhyata are salinga
• I-akhyata, U-akhyata, Ilakytata are alinga

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Prathama takhyata
????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
???????? ?????????? ?????? ????
????? ???, ?? ?????, ???, ?? (???) ???, ??
??????? ??? ?????, ???, ??? (????) ???, ??
????? ?? ????, ??, ?? ???, ?? ??(?S) ???
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Parathama takhyat
????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
  ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????  
????? ?? ?????/ ???? ?? ???????/ ?????/ ???? (???) ????? ?????/ ????
??????? ?? ????? ???????/ ?????/ ????? (????) ?????? ?????/ ????
????? ?? ???? ?? ??????/ ????/ ???? ?? ?????/ ???? /????(???S) ??/ ????/ ?? ?????
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Dvitiya takhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ???, ?? ???, ?? ?????, ???, ?? ???, ?? (???) (???)
??????? ??? ???, ???, ?? ??? ??? ???, ???? ??, ??? (????) (??? ????)
????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???, ??(?S) ???, ??
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Dvitiya takhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ?? ?????/ ???? ????? ?????/ ???? ?? ???????/ ?????/ ???? ????? ?????/ ???? (???) (???)
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????/ ?????/ ????/ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????/ ??????/ ????/ ????? (????) (??? ????)
????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????/ ????(???S) ?? ?????/ ????
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Lakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ???, ?? ???, ?? ????, ??? ??, ?? ???, ?? (???) (???)
??????? ??? ???, ????, ??? ??? ??? ???, ????, ????, ?, ??? (????) (???, ????)
????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??(?S) ???, ??
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Lakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ?? ?????/ ???? ????? ?????/???? ?? ??????/ ?????/ ????/ ???? ????? ?????/???? (???) (???)
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????/??????/ ?????/ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????/??????/??????/ ???/????? (????) (???, ????)
????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????/????/ ?????/????/ ????(???S) ?? ?????/ ????
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Vakhyata/Avakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ??? ??? ??? ????? (????) (????)
??????? ???? ???, ????, ??? (??S) ???? ????? ?????? (?????) (???? ?????)
????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? (??S) ????, ????? ??? ????
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Vakhyata/Avakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (????) (????)
???? ?? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????/ ??????/????? (????S) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????/ ???????? (?????) (???? ?????)
?? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????/?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????/ ???????? ?? ??????/????? (????S) ?? ??????/ ???????/ ?????/??????
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I-akhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ? ? ??, ??, ?, ?
??????? ? ??, ?
????? ? ? ?
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I-akhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ?? (???) ??? ????? ????/????/???/???
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????/???
????? ??/??/?? (???) ??? ??/????/?? ???
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U-akhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ??(??) ? ??(??)
??????? - (? ?) ?
????? ? ? (??) ??
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U-akhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ?? ????(????)/??? ????? ????(????)
??????? ?? ??(? ?) ?????? ???
????? ??/??/?? ??? ??? ??/????/?? (????) ????
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Ilakhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ?? ?? ??, ?
??????? ??? ??
????? ?? ?? ???
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Ilakhyata
????? ????? ???????
????? ?? (????) ???? ?? ????/???
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?? ?? (????) ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????
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Salient Features

• Considers actual data
• Analyses segments of verb forms systematically.
• Interprets all different meanings of a single
  form.

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Limitations

• Many suffixes have become out of date. e.g.
  ?????, ???, ?????, ???
• Chakhyata(???????) is not mentioned.
• Determination of akhyata of gauna dhatu(??? ???? )

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Chakhyata/ayachakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ?
??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?
????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? , ????(???S) ????
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Chakhyata/ayachakhyata
????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
  ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?.
????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?
??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? , ??????(?????S) ?? ??????
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Gauna dhatu

• Gauna dhatu verb roots of those verb forms in
  which the segmentation of verb roots and suffixes
  is no clear cut.
• ???, ????, ????, ??????, ??????, ???, ???, ???
  are verb forms of Gauna dhatu
• They all agree with person and number
• Damale has tried to segment them, but his efforts
  are not satisfactory.

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Main references

• ????????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????, ????.
  ??.????. ???????????, ????, ?????? ??? ?????,
  ????.
• ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ??.????.
  ???????????, ????????????, ????, ?????? ???????,
  ????.

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Thank You