Radio%20LANs

1
Radio LANs
A Presentation by Radio Spectrum Management
Department (TRC)
2
Presentation Scope

• Introduction to Radio LAN topologies.
• Radio LAN standards.
• Spectrum usage and Radio LAN regulations.
• Power limitations.
• Actual market implementations case studies.
• Scaling up WLANs Wireless MANs.
• WMAN standards.
• Third Generation wireless technologies.

3
Radio LAN Topologies
4
Peer To Peer

• Also called Ad Hoc.
• Limited coverage area.
• Everyone should be within reach from everyone
  else.
• Simplex communication.

Wireless Cell
Wireless Clients
Modem
5
Infrastructure
Wireless Cell
Wireless Cell
Channel Y
Channel X
wired Backbone
Access Point
Access Point
Wireless Clients
Wireless Clients

• Clients communicate to each other via the AP.
• Infrastructure offers larger coverage area than
  Peer-To-Peer does.
• Provides multi-cell structure.

6
Wireless Bridging

• Layer-2 LAN-to-LAN connectivity.
• With proper design, distance can reach up to 40
  km.

7
Spectrum Usage
8
United States

• Radio LANs operate in the following unlicensed
  bands
• 902 928 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical
  (ISM) band. (Not used anymore for Radio LANs).
• 2400 2483.5 MHz ISM band.
• Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
  (UNII) bands
• - 5.15 5.25 GHz.
• - 5.25 5.35 GHz.
• 5.725 5.850 GHz ISM band.

9
ISM Bands

• ISM Bands are defined according to RR5-28,
  Article 5.150.
• Radiocommunication services operating within
  these bands must accept harmful interference
  which may be caused by other ISM applications.

10
Europe

• The following unlicensed bands are approved for
  Radio LANs operation as defined by CEPT1
• 2400 2483.5 MHz, on ISM basis.
• 5.15 5.35 GHz.
• 5.470 5.725 GHz.
• 1. European Conference of Postal and
  Telecommunications Administrations

11
Jordan

• The following bands are currently approved for
  the
• operation of Radio LANs, on non-interfering
  basis1
• 2400 2483.5 MHz.
• 5.15 5.25 GHz.
• 5.725 5.850 GHz.
• 1. a) A user does not have the right to claim
  protection against interference from other Radio
  LAN users.
• b) A Radio LAN user must take all necessary
  measures to avoid interfering with other users.

12
Jordan TRC Regulations
(cont )

• For devices utilizing lt10mW, only type approval
  is needed.
• Otherwise, spectrum licensing is also needed.
  Output EIRP is restricted to 100mW.
• Licensed for confined area of a building
  usage.
• 3. Outdoor connectivity (beyond the confined
  area of building 100mW scope ) may be granted
  on a case-by-case basis to study the case
  depending on the availability of the frequency.

13
Radio LAN Spectrum Bands
2400
2483.5
5150
5250
5300
5350
5470
5725
5850
North America
Europe
Jordan
14
Radio LAN Standards
15
IEEE Standards

• IEEE originally formed a committee (802)
  concerned in networking technologies.
• IEEE 802.11 is a sub committee concerned with
  Wireless LAN technologies.

16
IEEE 802.11

• Final draft issued in 1997.
• Standard is approved by FCC, ETSI.
• Band of operation 2400 2483.5 MHz.
• Technologies - Radio (RF).
• - Infra Red (IR).
• The standard defines the use of FHSS and DSSS.
• Modulation 1. BPSK _at_ bit rate 1Mbps.
• 2. QPSK _at_ bit rate 2 Mbps.

17
IEEE 802.11b

• Final draft was issued in 1999.
• Standard approved by FCC, ETSI.
• Band of operation 2400 2483.5 MHz.
• Offers three 22-MHz non-overlapping channels.
• Defines only one RF technology DSSS.
• Bit rate up to 11Mbps, using CCK modulation.
• Backward compatible with IEEE 802.11.
• Channels - North America 11 channel.
• - Europe 13 Channels.
• - Japan 14 Channels.

18
802.11b Channel Distribution
Center frequencies of channels are separated by
5MHz
10
5
4
9
3
8
2
7
1
11
6
2400
2483
2437
Frequency
19
802.11b channel sets in different regulatory
domains
Japan France/ Singapore Mexico Europe North America Center Frequency Channel ID
X X X X 2412 1
X X X X 2417 2
X X X X 2422 3
X X X X 2427 4
X X X X 2432 5
X X X X 2437 6
X X X X 2442 7
X X X X 2447 8
X X X X 2452 9
X X X X X 2457 10
X X X X X 2462 11
X X X 2467 12
X X X 2472 13
X 2484 14
20
IEEE 802.11a

• Final draft issued in 2000.
• Standard approved by FCC.
• Band of operation 5.15 5.25 GHz 5.25 5.35
  GHz.
• Defines the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division
  Multiplexing (OFDM).
• Bit rate up to 54Mbps using 64-QAM modulation.
• Offers up to 8 20-MHz non-overlapping channels.
• Channels - FCC 8 channels.
• - TELEC (Japan) 4 channels.
• - ETSI (Europe) uses
  another standard.

21
802.11a channel sets in different regulatory
domains
Taiwan Singapore Japan North America Frequency Channel ID
X 5170 34
X X 5180 36
X 5190 38
X X 5200 40
X 5210 42
X X 5220 44
X 5230 46
X X 5240 48
X X 5260 52
X X 5280 56
X X 5300 60
X X 5320 64
5745 149
5765 153
5785 157
5805 161
22
IEEE 802.11g

• Expected to be finalized by the end of 2003.
• Operates in the same band as IEEE 802.11b.
• Offers three non-overlapping channels.
• Bit rate up to 54Mbps using OFDM.
• Offers backward compatibility with IEEE 802.11b.
• Interoperability is not yet guaranteed.

23
ETSI Standards
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards
Institution
24
ETSI HIPERLAN1

• HIPERLAN High Performance LAN.
• Band of operation 5.15 5.30 GHZ.
• Bit rate up to 20Mbps using FSK and GMSK
  modulation.
• Offers five non-overlapping channels

Center frequency (MHz) Carrier number
5 176,468 0 0
5 199,997 4 1
5 223,526 8 2
5 247,056 2 3
5 270,585 6 4
25
ETSI HIPERLAN2

• Standards first draft in 2001.
• Band of operation
• - lower band 5.15 5.35 GHz.
• - upper band 5.470 5.725 GHz.
• Channel spacing 20MHz.
• Bit rate up to 54Mbps using OFDM.

26
Channeling Scheme
fc Band Channel
5180 Lower 36
5200 Lower 40
5220 Lower 44
5240 Lower 48
5260 Lower 52
5280 Lower 56
5300 Lower 60
5320 Lower 64
5500 Upper 100
5520 Upper 104
5540 Upper 108
5560 Upper 112
5580 Upper 116
5600 Upper 120
5620 Upper 124
5640 Upper 128
5660 Upper 132
5680 Upper 136
5700 Upper 140
27
Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity.
• WECA Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance.
• WECA issues the Wi-Fi Certificate for
  interoperability and general performance of Radio
  LAN products.
• Wi-Fi certifies IEEE compliant standards
  (802.11a, 802.11b).

28
Market Implementations Case Studies
29
International Vendors

• Among the global vendors of Radio LAN products
• Cisco Aironet, Lucent Technolgies, Nortel, 3Com,
  Intel, Linksys, Intermec, Proxim, D-Link.
• They offer WLAN product including Access Points,
  Wireless Client Cards, Wireless Bridges, antennas
  etc.
• WLAN products are assessed according to their
  roaming capabilities, load balancing and radio
  features.
• Calypso Wireless Inc. offers a video phone which
  operates on cellular networks as well as IEEE
  802.11 Hot-Spots.
• opportunities to integrate wireless
  access solutions

30
Carriers offer remote access service from
Hot-Spots

• ATT will begin offering remote wireless access
  to its virtual private network services from more
  than 2,000 access points in at least 20 countries
  in the fourth quarter.
• ATT will adopt the readily available wireless
  Wi-Fi services form GRIC Inc.
• MCI (formerly WorldCom Inc.) will be also
  offering Wi-Fi VPN services, as well as
  wireless Internet access to its customers next
  fall through a deal with Wayport Inc.

31
Example ATT connects Hot-Spots to Corporate
Networks via VPNs.
Corporate Network
World Wide Web
Hot-Spot
VPN
Server
Wireless Access
VPN Virtual Private Network
32
Public Access Hot Spots

• Swisscom founded a new subsidiary Swisscom
  Eurospot for the purpose of installing hot spots
  across the continent.
• IEEE 802.11b hot spots will be installed in
  railway stations, airports, restaurants,
  libraries, etc.
• Swisscom Eurospot has developed an innovative
  billing system to be used with this service
  prepaid cards, user accounts.

33
McDonalds goes wireless!

• McDonalds signed an agreement to deploy Wi-Fi
  service to 140 stores in Singapore.
• A spokeswoman for McDonald's Australia said the
  company plans to offer Wi-Fi access in all 725
  McDonald's in that country.
• Starbucks have already established Hot-Spots in
  their Cafes.

34
Power Limitations
35
FCC

• In the 2.4GHz band
• max TX power 30dBm (1W).
• max EIRP (point-to-multipoint) 36dBm (4W).
• max EIRP (point-to-point)

TX Power (dBm) EIRP (dBm)
30 36
29 38
28 40
20 56
36
FCC
(cont )

• In the 5.2 GHz band
• max TX power 17dBm (50mW).
• max EIRP 23dBm (200mW).
• Only indoor operation is permitted.
• In the 5.3 GHz band
• max TX power 24dBm (250mW).
• max EIRP 30dBm (1W).

37
FCC
(cont )

• In the 5.8 GHz band
• max TX power 30dBm (1W).
• max EIRP (point-to-multipoint) 36dBm (4W).
• max EIRP (point-to-point) No Limits!
• FCC restricts the use of antennas to only a
  unique set of antennas.
• Reference Rules
• FCC Wireless Regulations 15.407 and 15.247.

38
Example FCC Regulation
39
Europe

• In the 2.4 GHz band
• max transmit power 50mW (17dBm).
• max EIRP 100mW (20dBm).
• In the 5 GHz bands
• max EIRP 30dBm (1W).

40
China

• in the 2.4 GHz band
• maximum EIRP is 10mW.

Japan

• in the 2.4 GHz band
• maximum EIRP 10mW/MHz (10dBm/MHz).
• In a 22MHz channel, maximum EIRP 220mW
  (23.4dBm).
• in the 5 GHz bands
• maximum EIRP 10mW/MHz (10dBm/MHz).
• In a 20MHz channel, maximum EIRP 200mW
  (23dBm).

41
TRC Regulations

• The following regulations are currently adopted
  in Jordan
• Maximum permissible EIRP is 20dBm (100mW) in the
  2.4GHz band.
• Maximum EIRP in the 5GHz band is 23dBm (200mW).
• Spectrum Licensing is needed for Radio LANs.
• Only indoor confined building coverage is
  permitted.
• Outdoor connectivity is permitted on
  case-by-case basis.

42
TRC Regulations
(cont )

• Licensing Fees
• 1. For Home / Small Office Use1, licensing fees
  are 15 JDs paid only once.
• 2. Otherwise, licensing fees are 15 JDs / Access
  Point, paid annually.
• 3. In the case a wireless outdoor bridging link
  is approved by TRC, licensing fees shall be
  calculated according to the approved Spectrum
  Tariffs.
• 4. Licensing Application fee for the first time
  is 5 JDs.
• 5. Renewal of Licensing application fee is 5 JDs.

1. A Radio LAN system employing only one Access
Point, or one peer-to-peer (Ad Hoc) network.
43
TRC Regulations
(cont )

• Storage and Exhibition
• Merchants and shop owners are allowed to import
  Radio LAN products for the purpose of storing /
  exhibiting them.
• A shop owner may go through licensing procedures
  on behalf of the end-user (buyer).

See Licensing Guidelines
See Storage/Exhibition forms
44
Why license?
Licensing Radio LANs is meant to be a procedural
measure to control the random manner of Radio LAN
dispersal. Why control Radio LAN
dispersal? Spectrum assignments for Radio LANs,
3G and BWA are not stable yet. In developed
country, it is relatively acceptable to replace
old systems with new ones. In developing
countries, it is NOT! How will licensing achieve
this goal? - Licensing will comprise a formal way
to assure that no excessive power is emitted in
the spectrum bands. - Licensing will help
identify the users and the location of uses of
Radio LANs.
45
Why Confine to a Building?

• Because of current restrictions imposed by JTCs
  monopoly.
• Datacomm services shall be only offered by JTC
  until the end of 2004.
• To restrict the outdoor propagation of power.
  This should be considered as a precautionary
  procedure.

46
Scaling Up Wireless Access
47
Wireless MANs
48
What are WMANs?

• WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network.
• They are meant to provide wireless access for
  large residential areas.
• They are designed to provide Broadband Wireless
  Access (BWA) services.
• BWA offers integrated high-speed links
  supporting data, voice and video communication.

49
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50
Proprietary BWA Solutions

• Companies such as Proxim, Aperto Networks,
  Alvarion, IP Wireless, provide proprietary Fixed
  BWA solutions.
• Solutions are offered in the bands 2.5 GHz,
  3.5GHz and 5.8 GHz (license-exempt in USA).
• FBWA solutions are Line of Sight and Near Line
  of Sight technologies.
• There is a need to standardize BWA solutions to
  assure interoperability.

51
WMAN Standards
52
IEEE 802.16

• IEEE 802.16 is WMAN standard offering BWA
  services.
• Completed in 10/2001, published in 4/2002.
• The standard addresses the frequency band 10
  66 GHz, with focus on the 23- 43 GHz band.
• It comprises a Last Mile solution. It is a
  suitable cost-effective solution to replace
  copper and fiber last mile connections.
• Utilizes 20 to 28 MHz channels, with data rates
  up to 134Mbps.

53
IEEE 802.16
(cont )

• IEEE 802.16 employs a multi-cellular structure.
• Full duplex a hybrid TDD/FDD duplexing scheme.
• Standards physical layer offers adaptive
  modulation according to the links status.
• The standard represents an excellent alternative
  for current wired local loops deployed in data
  communication services.

54
IEEE 802.16a

• IEEE 802.11a is an amendment to the original
  standard.
• Completed in 11/2002, approved in 1/2003.
• 802.16a came to address the following
• 1. BWA Services in the 2 11 GHz band.
• 2. the standard tackles the Non-Line-of-Sight
  applications.

55
IEEE 802.16a
(cont )

• IEEE 802.16a offers 20 28 MHz channels, at a
  link speed up to 134Mbps.
• Three air-interfaces are defined
• 1. WMAN-SC2 single carrier modulation
  format.
• 2. WMAN-OFDM TDMA access scheme.
• 3. WMAN-OFDM OFDMA access scheme.

56
Bit Rate Shifting in 802.16a
Bit rate shifting is achieved using adaptive
modulation. When you are near to the BS, you are
offered high speed, when youre far, reliability
decreases, hence youre offered lower speed.
57
Proposed Spectrum Assignments for 802.116

• IEEE 802.16 is a Point-to-Multipoint technology,
  hence spectrum assignments are being considered
  in the LMDS / MMDS frequency plans.

58
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59
802.16 VS 802.11
802.16 802.11
Cell Coverage Up to few blocks Typical max range 200250m
Service Area Scales up to city-wide coverage Campus wide
Spectrum 10 66 GHz (802.16) 2 11 GHz (802.16a) 2.4 GHz (802.11b) 5 GHz (802.11a)
Bit rate Up to 134 Mbps Up to 54Mbps
60
802.16 VS 802.11
(cont )
802.16 802.11
Duplexity Full-duplex Simplex (CSMA/CA)
Users Provides broadband wireless access for buildings Provides wireless access for mobile users
Mobility will eventually evolve to support mobile users Supports mobility and inter-cell roaming
61
802.16 VS 802.11
(cont )
802.16 802.11
Connectivity Connects to UMTS, ATM core networks Connects to wired Ethernet backbones
Cost High initial investment requirements Low initial cost. Low running cost.
62
802.16 VS 802.11
(cont )
802.16 802.11
Target Market Public. Provides high-speed connection to meet business demands Private. To address mobility requirement in an organization
Service Provider ISP, Telecom companies Local to the organization
63
WiMAX

• WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
  Access, based in San Diego.
• The WiMAX alliance includes Intel, Airspan
  Networks, Alvarion, Aperto Networks, Ensemble
  Communications, Fujitsu Microelectronics, America
  Inc., Nokia, Proxim, Wi-LAN Inc.
• The WIMAX alliance is dedicating its efforts to
  back the 802.16 standard in order to start
  shipping products by the end of 2004.

64
ETSI HIPER ACESS

• First draft in 2001.
• operates in the band 40.5 43.5 GHz.
• Offers connectivity solutions to residential
  areas at speeds up to 25 Mbps.
• Designed to integrate into UMTS, IP and ATM core
  networks.

65
ETSI HIPER LINK

• Standard still underway.
• Spectrum allocation _at_ the 17 GHz band.
• Offers short-range very high-speed wireless
  links between HIPERLANs or HIPER ACESS networks.
• Bit rate up to 155Mbps.
• range up to 150m.

66
Jordanian Market

• With the expiry of the JTC monopoly by the end
  of 2004, Data Communications service providers
  will start considering wireless solutions to
  replace wired local loops.
• The demand for WLAN implementations will also
  witness an increase. Hotels, hospitals,
  universities, airports, companies having large
  warehouses hangars, will all seriously consider
  it.
• As 802.16a addresses the 2 11 GHz band, more
  careful planning is required when approving
  outdoor / bridging wireless links in the 2.4 and
  5 GHz bands.

67
Towards The Future
68
Third Generation

• Future communication systems will provide
  integrated voice, video and data services in one
  service bundle.
• Networks will tend to converge into one unified
  infrastructure. Internet, web services, voice
  services, and packet data services together.
• Focus on mobility, high-speed links and
  reliability issues.
• Numerous technologies have evolved to help
  migrate current 2G systems to 3G systems.

69
ITU Standards

• ITU took on the role of standardizing 3G
  technologies.
• IMT-2000 International Mobile Service.
• It is the ITUs umbrella name
  for 3G.
• 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Projects.
• National and regional standards
  bodies are collaborating in 3G projects.

70
IMT-2000 Standards

• IMT-SC (Single Carrier) Enhanced Data GSM
  Environment.
• IMT-MC (Multi Carrier) CDMA CDMA2000, evolution
  of IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne).
• IMT-DS (Direct Spread) W-CDMA UMTS
• Wideband CDMA Universal Mobile Telecom System.
• IMT-TC (Time Code CDMA) including TD-SCDMA
  (Time Division Synchronous CDMA).
• IMT-FT (FDMA/TDMA) based on DECT legacy.

71
Wireless Networks Convergence
72
3G Services Vs. Radio LAN Services

• Radio LANs are not equipped to cover wide areas.
  3G services are scalable to cover very wide
  areas.
• Radio LAN technology may support pedestrian
  mobility but with low performance. 3G service are
  mobile services at speeds up to vehicular speeds.
• Radio LANs are a nearest point services. 3G
  are an everywhere services.
• Initial investment in Radio LAN public access
  systems is very low compared to 3G systems.
  However, tending to extend Radio LAN coverage to
  3G coverage limits will be very costly.
• Radio LANs offer data rate which are up to 26
  times those offered by 3G !