Madeleine Leininger

1
Madeleine Leininger

• Transcultural Nursing Theory
• Sunrise Model

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What is Transcultural Nursing?

• "a discipline of study and practice focused on
  comparative culture care differences and
  similarities among and between cultures in order
  to assist human beings to attain and maintain
  meaningful and therapeutic health care practices
  that are culturally based" (Leininger, 2008, p.9).

3
Motivation for theory development

• In the 1950's working as a clinical nurse
  specialist with disturbed children in the Midwest
  United States, Leininger noticed recurrent
  behavioral differences among the children and
  hypothesized the differences had a cultural base.
•  
• This experience led Leininger to becoming the
  first nurse to earn a doctorate in anthropology
  and precipitated the development of Transcultural
  nursing.
•  
•  
•  
• (http//nursingtheories.info/biography-of-madelein
  e-leininger/)
•  

4
Cont...

• Through interactions with patients and
  conversations with peers  Leininger identified
  "two major missing dimensions in nursing, namely
  knowledge of diverse cultures and the meaning and
  practices of care in diverse cultures"
  (Leininger, 2008, para 4).

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Philosophical Roots of Leininger's Theory

• Leininger states that the philosophical roots of
  her theory are
•   extensive and diverse nursing experiences
•   anthropological insights
•   life experiences and values
•   reflection upon spiritual insights and beliefs
• The theorist created a theory to develop "new
  practices for nursing to meet diverse cultural
  needs and to provide therapeutic care with
  comprehensive and holistic care practices in a
  caring discipline" Leininger, 2008, p.10)
•     

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Transcultural Nursing Theory Concepts

• Transcultural nursing theory incorporates
  research from numerous scientific disciplines 
•  
•     1.  Nursing
•     2.  Medicine
•     3.  Education
•     4.  Psychology
•     5.  Public Health
•     6.  Epidemiology
• (Murphy, S. C., 2006)    

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INTERRELATIONSHIP

• Culturally Competent Nursing Care
• -promote human rights and 
•     quality health care through 
•     cultural awareness
• -centered on universal aspect
•     of human caring as 
•     defined within each culture
• -assess cultural needs  and
•     integrate nursing care that 
•     is congruent with cultural 
•     values  
•     

• Transcultural Nursing Research
• -address cultural conflicts 
•     within healthcare beliefs
• -nursing care that is beneficial
•     and meaningful to all cultures
• -increase knowledge base to 
•     improve cultural competence
• -impact global healthcare 
•     policy and practices
• (Transcultural Nursing Society, 2012)

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Culturally Congruent Nursing Care

• Culturally congruent nursing care occurs when
  nurses integrate information from individuals,
  family, community, or institution based on
  cultural
•  beliefs
•  values
•  norms
•  patterns/lifeways
•  practices
• to provide appropriate and meaningful nursing
  care.
• (Leininger, M. M., 1997)

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Metaparadigm Concepts

• CARING (not Nursing)
• essence of nursing
• universal concept within all cultures 
•  
• assisting, supporting, or enabling behaviors to
  improve a person's condition
•  
• essential for survival, development, ability to
  deal with life's events
•  
• greater level of wellness is achieved when caring
  is in line with patient's cultural values and
  beliefs
• (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

10
Metaparadigm Concepts

• PERSON
•  Some cultures  do not recognize the concept of
  "person".  Leininger's definition includes
• individuals
• families
• groups
• communities
•  
• (Andrews, M. M., Boyles, J. S., 2002)

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Metaparadigm Concepts

• ENVIRONMENT
•  The environmental context includes any events
• physical
• ecological
• sociopolitical
• cultural

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Diversity and Universality Theory The Origins
of Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory

• "During the 1950's, while working in a child
  guidance home, Leininger
•  
• experienced what she describes as a culture shock
  when she realized that 
•  
• recurrent behavioral patterns in children
  appeared to have a cultural basis.  
•  
• Leininger identified a lack of cultural and care
  knowledge as the missing link to 
•  
• nursing's understanding of the many variations
  required in patient care to 
•  
• support compliance, healing, and wellness.  These
  insights were the 
•  
• beginnings of a new construct and phenomenon
  related to nursing care called  
•  
• transcultural nursing".
•                                                   
                                    (Jones
  Bartlett, 2012)

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Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

• Clarification of Origin
• Originally developed in 1950s
• Leininger's 1st book, Cultural Care Diversity and
  Universality - Published 1991
• Transcultural Nursing (2nd ed.) - Published 1995
• Transcultural Nursing (3rd ed.) - Published 2002
•     
•  Though the transcultural nursing theory model is
  applicable to nursing, its principals can be
  thought to be important in most professional
  circumstances.
• To achieve the highest degree of patient
  compliance, healing, and wellness, the theory
  accounts for the cultural aspects of the patient.
                       (http//nursing-theory.org)
•  
•                                               
                          

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Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

• Content
• Human being- Nurses need humanistic and
  scientific transcultural knowledge in order to
  adequately care for patients in the 21st century.
• Environment-  Care values are influenced by many
  things including worldview, spirituality, and
  environment.
• Health- Care specific to one's culture promotes
  health, as valued and defined by each culture.
• Nursing- Since 1989 nurses have been able to
  receive global certification in transcultural
  nursing, gaining knowledge and awareness of the
  cultural needs of patients, making them able to
  provide culturally congruent, responsible and
  compassionate care.                      
    (Leinninger, M. M., 1997)

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Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

• View
• The transcultural nursing model can be used in
   all aspects of nursing care, but proper use of
  the    model can only be achieved 
•       if the patient's values are       known
  and meaningfully      used in an appropriate
  way      by the nurse with the patient.
•    
•        
•                                                  
                                                   
              (http//nursing-theory.org)

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Evaluation of Transcultural Nursing Theory

•                     Practice situations
• Transcultural Nursing Theory should be
•       practiced in all professional situations.
•  
• Examples
• Dietary restriction (kosher) for people of Jewish
  faith. 
• Providing vegetarian meal options for Catholics
•           on Fridays.
• Direct eye contact for Asian/Vietnamese means a
  challenge and should be avoided.
• It is customary to address elder Americans as
  well as people of Arabic and Muslim faith
  formally. 

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Weblinks
http//nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Madeli
ne-Leininger.php
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References Leininger, M. (1997, Winter).
Transcultural nursing research to tranform
nursing education           and practice 40
years. Image  Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 29(4), 341.Retrieved         from
http//0-go.galegroup.com.mel.org/ps/i.do?idGALE
7CA20125511v2.1u         lom_accessmichitrp
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