History of Oceanography

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History of Oceanography

• http//www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm

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Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific
Ocean Islands

• 5000 1000 BP Micronesian Polynesian colonized
  Pacific Islands
• Advanced Open Ocean Navigation
• Double Hull Canoes

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• http//www.monash.edu.au/APJCN/Vol4/Num4/44p361.ht
  m

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Hurles et al 2003
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Polynesian Colonization

• http//leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/pvs/

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Polynesian Sidereal Compass
http//www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/
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Polynesian Sidereal Compass
http//www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/
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Example Navigation Leg
http//www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/
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Early Ocean MappingPolynesians
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Mediterranean Cultures

• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars
• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through
  Mediterranean up to England
• Mediterranean wide maritime trade
• Coastal settlements
• Coastal navigation

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Phoenician Ships

• http//www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/phoenecian-ships.htm

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• http//go.hrw.com/venus_images/0298MC02.gif

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• http//www.mauigateway.com/donjusko/final.htg/mur
  exbrandaris_trunculus.jpg

• http//www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion

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Mediterranean Cultures

• 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars
• 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through
  Mediterranean up to England
• Mediterranean wide maritime trade
• Coastal settlements
• Coastal navigation
• Greek and Roman Civilizations

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• http//www.nrlmry.navy.mil/cannon/medports/Gibral
  tar/roll_cloud.html

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Middle Ages

• Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass
• Vikings and Basque Travel to N. America
• Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean
• Christopher Columbus Discovers America
• Juan Sebastian Elcano First Round the World
  voyage (24 of 260 sailors)
• James Cooks Voyages (chronometer)

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Chronometer for Longitude
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Lemons for Scurvey
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Benjamin Franklin Timothy Folger (1769)
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• Voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836

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Evolution of Coral Reefs
Fringe reefs
Barrier reefs
Atolls
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Edward Forbes (1840s)

• Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean
• 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms
• AZOIC Zone below 600m
• Azoic Theory
• Too cold, too dark, no oxygen
• No Life

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Challenger Expedition(1872 1876)

• HMS Challenger
• 226 fixed rig Corvette
• 230 crewmembers 7 Scientists
• 125000 km
• Objectives
• Map Oceans bottom
• Investigate the Azoic Zone
• Search for Primitive Organisms (stable
  environment)
• Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley) primordial
  slime

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HMS Challenger
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HMS CHALLENGER 1872 1876
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Challenger Expedition(1872 1876)

• Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years)
• Extensive Bathymetric Maps
• No Azoic zone
• Found temperature variability in deep waters (not
  all 4 oC)
• No Evidence of primitive fauna
• Description of 4717 new species
• Bathybeus haecklii Alcohol precipitate of
  carbon sulphate
• Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench

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SIO
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WHOI
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Ocean Resources
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http//www.greenet.pl/piosta/gal/bona_2_star.jpg
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• http//www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos
  /030110-N-9851B-082.jpg

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• http//www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos
  /960916-V-0000B-009.jpg

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• http//www.photolib.noaa.gov/

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Ocean Resources

• Fisheries
• Transportation Trade
• Military Use
• Offshore Oil, Gas Minerals
• Recreation Aesthetics

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Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973

• Territorial Seas - 12 nm
• Procedures for Ocean boundaries
• Right of Free Passage through Straits
• Exclusive Economic Zones
• 200 nm
• Can extend out to 350nm
• Jurisdiction over
• Fisheries
• Pollution
• Scientific Research
• Mineral Resources

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www.whoi.edu
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South China Territorial Claims
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www.bbc.co.uk/
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Global Trend in Fishery Landings
100
EEZs Claims
million tonnes)
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Production (
1800
1840
1880
1920
1960
2000
Year
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Fishery induced changes in world fish composition
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Greenhouse Effect