Restoration Period and the 18th Century (1660-1798)

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Restoration Period and the 18th
Century(1660-1798)
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Monarchy

• Charles IImarked beginning of Restoration Period
• Exiled to Europeinvited back after Oliver
  Cromwells death
• Set the tone of upper-class social political
  life
• Tried to emulate the sophistication splendor of
  Louis XIVs court in France
• Reestablished Church of England
• Parliamentshared power with Monarchy

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Disasters

• Great Plague1665
• Last major outbreak of bubonic plague
• Killed an estimated 100,000 people (20 of
  Londons population)
• Great Fire of London1666
• Uncontrolled fire that lasted for 3 days in
  central London
• Destroyed over 13,000 homes and numerous
  government buildings
• Few deaths recorded

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Political Parties

• Tories
• Supported royal authority
• Did not want war with France
• Whigs
• Wanted to limit royal authority with wealthy
  merchants and nobles
• Wanted to limit French expansion in Europe and
  North America

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Other Royalty

• House of Stuart
• English Bill of Rightsput specific limits on
  royal authority
• William
• Tried to oppose Louis XIV with Whig support
• Began series of war with France
• Act of SettlementParliament law that permanently
  barred Catholics from throne
• Annelast monarch in House of Stuart
• Faithfully ruler who united Scotland England

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Other Royalty (continued)

• House of Hanover (Germany)
• Disliked by Tories
• George II instituted 1st official prime minister
• Seven Years War with France
• Britain acquired Canada
• George III wanted more control
• Angered many due to thirst for power
• Lost American colonies due to political blunders

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The Age of Reason Enlightenment

• People began to use scientific reasoning to
  understand the world
• Apply reason so people could understand the
  natural causes of events
• Scientific Method
• Developed by Sir Isaac Newton
• Still used today
• Analyze facts
• Develop a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis with experimentation

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Enlightenment Philosophies

• Inspired by Newtons discoveries
• John Locke
• Encouraged people to use their intelligence to
  rid themselves of unjust authorities
• Rejected divine right of kings
• Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt against
  unfair government

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Living Well

• Improvement in living conditions
• Development of smallpox vaccine
• Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates with
  beautiful lawns gardens
• Spacious new streets squares in London
• Coffeehouses
• Gathering places for writers, artists,
  politicians other members of society

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Women

• Wanted to be educated equally as men
• Wanted to be allowed to join professions to
  strengthen relationship between the sexes
• Salons
• Private gathering places where women could
  participate in the nations intellectual life

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Industrial Revolution

• Period of major changes in agriculture,
  manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology
• Affected almost every aspect of daily life
• Income and population grew
• Living conditions differed greatly

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Improvements in Industry

• Machine Operations
• Iron making techniques
• Introduction of canals along with improved roads
  and railways
• Steam power fueled by coal
• Gas lighting
• Printing
• Chemicals

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Literature of the Times

• Social Observers
• Middle class grew and prospered
• Ordinary men women had more money, leisure
  activities, and educational opportunities
• New audience willing to read and pay for
  literature who wanted literature to be written in
  a clear language that they could understand

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Journalism

• Newspapers flourishedrestrictions were eased
• The Tatler The Spectator
• Satisfied middle-class appetite for instruction
  amusement
• Newspapers gave opinions on everything from
  social manners to international politics and did
  not report current events

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More Literature

• Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Dafoe
• Englands 1st novel
• Written in style that appealed to the masses
• Novels written in forms of letters diaries
• Samuel Pepys
• The Diary of Samuel Pepys
• Real life diary that provide a glimpse of life
  during the times

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Satirical Voices

• Satire was used to point out aspects of society
  that others felt needed to be changed
• Aimed at the elite class
• Neoclassicism
• Modeled on the works of Ancient Greece Rome
• Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional
  restraint
• Focused on society and human intellect
• Avoided personal feelings

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Authors of Satire

• Alexander Popewrote poetry that poked fun at
  ladies of high society
• The Rape of the Lockmock epic
• Jonathan Swiftsavagely attacked educators,
  politicians, churchmen others that he saw as
  corrupt
• A Modest Proposal

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Literature Evolving

• Types of literature that evolved
• Biographies
• History
• Philosophy
• Politics
• Economics
• Natural History
• Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on
  subjects close to the human heart which led to
  the Romantic period